Mais à l’évidence, l’un des aspects essentiels est d’évoquer

ce type de problème avec les patients, et les médecins traitants ainsi que les Doxorubicin clinical trial cardiologues ont là un rôle primordial, notamment parce que les risques cardiovasculaires liés à la pratique de l’activité sexuelle sont globalement peu importants chez les patients bien évalués, stables et avec un traitement adapté. les auteurs déclarent ne pas avoir de conflits d’intérêts en relation avec cet article. “
“Pulmonary artery involvement is frequent in Takayasu arteritis. Pulmonary perfusion scintigraphy could represent an interesting and simple imaging tool to detect pulmonary artery involvement in Takayasu arteritis. “
“Les populations précaires ont des niveaux de consommation de tabac et de dépendance supérieurs à celles de la population générale. Ceci induit une plus forte morbi-mortalité. La perspective temporelle a un impact sur les taux de réussite du sevrage tabagique. “
“La prévention secondaire vise à repérer les jeunes ayant un usage à risque

de substances psycho-actives (SPA) ou à l’origine de dommages. Le lien entre repérage en soins primaires et consultations spécialisées reste difficile à créer. “
“La baisse de l’estime de soi des find more femmes alcoolo-dépendantes par rapport aux hommes alcoolo-dépendants et par rapport à un groupe témoin, sans information sur l’estime de soi des femmes devenues abstinentes. La baisse de l’estime de soi générale, familiale et professionnelle des femmes devenues abstinentes et alcoolo-dépendantes par rapport au groupe témoins. “
“Immune thrombocytopenia idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) occurs mainly in second young adults, particularly women in their second or third decade, with an overall female to male ratio of 2 to 1, suggesting that sex hormones play a role in the susceptibility to ITP. We analysed 225 patients with ITP. “
“Le score SIGAPS sert à évaluer la production scientifique des établissements hospitaliers et leurs attribuer des financements. Plus les

auteurs sont prolifiques (score SIGAPS élevé), moins ils ont tendance à publier en français ; publier en français ne semble donc pas être le meilleur moyen d’avoir un score SIGAPS élevé. “
“Dans l’article « Rein et infection par le virus de l’immunodéficience humaine » paru dans le numéro de mars 2012 de La Presse Médicale, le tableau I était erroné, voici ci-dessous le tableau I corrigé. Nous remercions le service ICAR (service de néphrologie, hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, 75013 Paris, France) pour son apport. Nous prions nos lecteurs de nous excuser pour cette regrettable erreur. “
“La population entrant en prison est usagère de drogues La population détenue interrogée poursuit sa consommation de drogues en détention “
“Au Maroc, malgré l’accès aux thérapies antirétrovirales, le diagnostic de l’infection à VIH se fait à des stades avancés de la maladie.

No difference in safety has been observed between children with cancer and healthy children. In the case of poliomyelitis, it has been found that the prevalence of children with preserved protective antibody levels after the completion of chemotherapy is 62–100% [3] and [10]. Moreover, most patients respond to revaccination, thus demonstrating immunological recovery [3] and [24]. This means that, although cellular immune memory is preserved, revaccination

after the completion of chemotherapy may be warranted as a simple and cost-effective means of restoring humoral immunity. All of the studies of poliomyelitis revaccination in oncological children used inactivated poliovirus vaccine because of the potential risk of acute flaccid paralysis due to live attenuated poliovirus

vaccine [3], [10] and [24]. The selleck products safety profile of the inactivated vaccine seems to be optimal in such patients and similar to that observed in healthy children. However, some years ago, during a nationwide vaccination campaign using of live attenuated poliovirus vaccine, it was found that children with cancer were well-protected against unintended exposure to live polioviruses and there buy Anticancer Compound Library was no risk of adverse neurological events [43]. Like other encapsulated bacteria, Hib may cause life-threatening diseases in children with cancer [44] and [45] and, probably because it is the oldest conjugate vaccine, it has been widely studied in such children [24], [46], [47], [48], [49] and [50]. Although there are also some data concerning children with solid tumours [46], most of these studies involved patients with ALL who were vaccinated at various times after discontinuing chemotherapy [24], [47], [48], [49] and [50]. 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase Regardless of their previous immunisation status, most of the children responded

adequately: short- or long-term protective antibody levels were almost always reached, even when the vaccine was given only 1 month after they had completed chemotherapy. However, the best results were obtained when the revaccination was administered 3 months after the end of chemotherapy [50]. The safety and tolerability of Hib vaccine has always seemed to be very good [24], [46], [47], [48], [49] and [50]. Patients with cancer are at risk of invasive pneumococcal infection but it has been demonstrated that the conjugate 7-valent (PCV7), conjugate 13-valent (PCV13) and polysaccharide 23-valent (PPV23) pneumococcal vaccines respectively cover more than 75%, 80% and 90% of the known serotypes [51]. Only a few studies of the use of pneumococcal vaccines in patients with cancer have been published. However, it is well known that, despite its greater coverage of pneumococcal serotypes, PPV23 is not very immunogenic in the first years of life [52]; moreover, none of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccines is currently licensed for use in subjects who are older than 5 years.

The Nutrition and Physical Activity Self-Assessment for Child Care (NAP SACC) is one such intervention that can be used to address healthy weight behaviors in child care settings (Ammerman et al., 2007). It consists of a self-assessment performed by child care center directors to evaluate the nutrition and physical activity environment. The NAP SACC has been endorsed by the Center for Excellence in Training and Research Translation and the White House Task Force on Childhood Obesity as a tool to combat childhood obesity (Go NAP SACC). The NAP SACC program includes four steps: 1) The completion of a self-assessment questionnaire by the child care

center Epigenetics inhibitor director; 2) Goal setting; 3) Participation in workshops focused on nutrition and physical activity guidelines as well as strategies to implement center-level change; and 4) Reassessment by the child care center director (Ammerman et al., 2004). Information from the NAP SACC results provides the center with areas in need of improvement.

Reliability and validity has been reported on NAP SACC with rest–retest kappa statistics ranging from 0.07 to 1.00 and percent agreement of 34.29–100.00 and validity kappa statistics of − 0.01 to 0.79 and percent agreement Bcl-2 phosphorylation of 0.00–93.65. However, the authors also noted over half of the validity weighted kappa statistics indicated moderate agreement and suggest the instrument is relatively stable and accurate but also encourage caution to its use as an indication of impact (Benjamin et al., 2007b). More studies have begun to investigate the child care center environment using the NAP SACC. However, child care centers can vary widely in their organization. For example, some child care centers are affiliated with school districts and must adhere not only to state and federal guidelines but also to district Bumetanide policies and procedures; other child care centers may be privately owned and operated, and rely on other sources of funding, but also must adhere to state and federal guidelines.

Centers unaffiliated with school districts include family and private child care centers and non-profit and for-profit centers. The small number of studies that have investigated the child care center environment have either not differentiated between the type of center (Ward et al., 2008) or only focused on one type, such as family child care centers (Trost et al., 2009). Therefore, we sought to determine if (1) rural area child care centers provided children with environments that supported and met evidence-based recommendations for good nutrition and adequate physical activity (2) a focus on policies and practices related to nutrition and physical activity improve the overall center environment and (3) there are differences between types of child care centers (affiliated versus unaffiliated with school districts).

, California, USA) at 1/500. Slides were mounted in Ponatinib cost Vectashield mounting medium with 4′,6′-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) (Vector Laboratories, Inc., California, USA) and examined with a Nikon eclipse E600 fluorescence microscope with 100× oil immersion objective and 10× eyepiece. Endpoint titre for each serum was defined as the highest dilution that resulted in bright and clear schizont-specific fluorescence. Sera from immunized mice and rabbits were assayed for reactivity to recombinant GST-fusion proteins previously described [23] representing each of the three MSP1 block 2 allelic types, 3D7 (K1-like), Wellcome (MAD20-like),

and R033 by ELISA following methods previously outlined in detail [15] and [24]. Briefly, Immulon 4HBX flat bottomed plates (Dynex Technologies inc.) were coated with 50 ng/well of each recombinant protein in 100 μl of coating buffer (15 mM Na2CO3, 35 mM NaHCO3; pH 9.3). Plates were incubated overnight at 4 °C, washed with PBS-T (PBS with 0.05% Tween), blocked (1% skimmed milk in PBS-T) for 5 h and washed again. Sera were diluted (1/1000 for murine sera and 1/2000 for rabbit sera) in blocking buffer, and 100 μl volumes were aliquoted in duplicate into antigen coated wells and incubated overnight at 4 °C. Plates were washed and wells incubated with either rabbit anti-mouse (P0260, Dako UK) (1/5000 FXR agonist dilution) or swine anti-rabbit HRP-conjugated

IgG (P0399, Dako UK) (1/4000 dilution) for 3 h at room temperature. Plates were washed and developed with O-phenylenediamine dihydochloride (OPD) using SigmaFast OPD tablets (Sigma, UK). Detection of mouse IgG subclasses followed the same protocol, except biotin-conjugated polyclonal goat anti-mouse antibodies to murine Cytidine deaminase IgG subclasses were used as the secondary antibody (Cambridge Bioscience, UK), followed by detection with HRP-conjugated streptavidin (Sigma, UK). All six new recombinant proteins (Fig. 1A) were expressed as soluble products that appeared as single

bands on SDS-PAGE gels (Fig. 1B), and Western blots were probed with specific polyclonal sera previously raised to GST-expressed proteins expressing the K1 Super Repeat [15] and individual block 2 alleles [23] (Fig. 1C). The individual sera reacted with predicted specificity against the different hybrid antigens, verifying the modular antigenic composition of each hybrid construct. The yield for the full polyvalent hybrid protein (antigen 6) averaged ∼13 mg/l of culture, and the lyophilized product was stable at temperatures ranging from −20 to 56 °C for at least 3 weeks. CD-1 outbred mice were immunized with each of the 6 hybrid constructs (antigens 1–6, Fig. 1A) in Alum. ELISAs were performed to determine IgG antibody reactivities against different GST-fusion proteins (MSP1 block 2 of 3D7, R033 and Wellcome alleles) [11] in sera collected from the mice at days 0, 14, 42 and 70 post immunization.

, 2004+; Wardle et al., 2001+; Wood et al., 2010+). These included a lack of clear information, Akt inhibitor misunderstanding of food messages and the perception of healthy eating messages as complex, especially sugar content and the classification of fats, a balanced diet (misinterpreted as a balance of ‘good’ and ‘bad’ foods) and the ‘5-a-day’ message (misinterpreted as five portions of fruit). Existing attitudes to health were also found

to be important in behaviour change ( Dibsdall et al., 2002++; Lawrence et al., 2009+; Nic Gabhainn et al., 1999+; Whelan et al., 2002+; Withall et al., 2009+; Wood et al., 2010+), and in particular there seemed to be contradicting attitudes depending on how in control people felt over their health. Some

deliberately sought a healthy lifestyle and cheap healthy foods, whereas others were not concerned with their health or healthy food. Other barriers were lack of perceived control over weight, no clear perceived links between lack of exercise and chronic conditions, and food and health, with some people believing it was not good to be ‘too healthy’. Perceived capabilities could LY2109761 purchase also constitute a barrier or facilitator of change ( Coleman et al., 2008++; Lawrence et al., 2009+; Peerbhoy et al., 2008+; Stead et al., 2004+). Barriers included a poor initial level of fitness and perceptions of a lack of sporting capability, cooking skills and confidence in cooking meals from scratch and being able to eat ‘5-a-day’, although the latter could be overcome by enhancing skills in a non-threatening way and using peer and family support. Some people, however, expressed confidence in cooking and experimenting with food. Barriers related to people’s current lifestyle ( Gough and Conner, 2006++; Lawrence et al., 2009+; Nic Gabhainn et al., 1999+; Price, 2007+; Whelan et al., 2002+; Withall et al., 2009+)

included commitments and responsibilities, stress, comfort eating, being stuck in a rut, embarrassment, the belief that activity around the home is sufficient and lack of time. Conversely, boredom was cited as a reason for unhealthy eating, with some people aware of the apparent contradiction. Health professionals Urease suggested that mental health problems such as depression could have an impact. Many barriers centred around affordability ( Dibsdall et al., 2002++; Kennedy et al., 1998+; Lawrence et al., 2009+; Parry et al., 2007+; Peerbhoy et al., 2008+; Price, 2007+; Whelan et al., 2002 +; Withall et al., 2009+), including the cost of buying healthy food, perceived lack of affordable food locally, public transport costs, the cost of cooking different meals to suit different preferences, marketing strategies promoting unhealthy foods and wasting money buying food that the family would not eat. Health professionals felt that healthy food could be prioritised when shopping, and budgeting could be covered in nutritional education programmes.

À l’inverse la substitution androgénique d’un hypogonadisme l’améliore [64]. Sur la base de résultats obtenus dans des modèles animaux, il n’est par ailleurs pas exclu que la testostérone puisse également exercer un effet protecteur direct sur la cellule β des îlots de Langherans [65]. De façon attendue, le risque d’association au DT2 d’une diminution de la testostéronémie s’élève avec l’âge et le surpoids comme chez le patient non diabétique. Dhindsa et al. [2] ont constaté 24 % d’hypogonadiques chez les diabétiques de type

2 cinquantenaires contre 55 % après 70 ans. Pasquali check details et al. [17] ont montré que l’obésité, plus fréquemment observée chez les patients DT2, était un facteur majeur de réduction des taux de testostérone totale et libre calculée et d’augmentation de l’insulinémie par rapport aux patients de poids normal. Les autres mécanismes physiopathologiques de l’hypogonadisme associé au DT2 sont nombreux et en partie communs avec ceux retrouvés pour le tandem testostéronémie-obésité. C’est notamment le cas de l’influence inhibitrice de l’insulino-résistance GSK1120212 mw et de certaines cytokines (TNFα,

IL-1β) sur la sécrétion gonadotrope. L’insulino-résistance intervient également par le biais d’une réduction de la synthèse hépatique de SHBG. Cette conséquence, qui expose plus aisément à la survenue d’un DT2 [47] and [48], peut en outre se trouver majorée par la présence de certains polymorphismes de la SHBG responsables par eux-mêmes d’un abaissement du taux plasmatique de cette protéine de transport. La concentration plasmatique de CRP est par ailleurs nettement plus élevée chez l’homme

lorsque le DT2 s’associe à un hypogonadisme [66]. La présence de médiateurs de l’inflammation, susceptibles d’interférer avec les voies de transduction de l’insuline, peut ainsi contribuer à l’insulino-résistance [67]. A contrario de ce qui peut être observé dans l’obésité simple, et bien que le taux d’œstradiol plasmatique soit positivement lié à la masse de graisse viscérale [68] l’œstradiolémie Parvulin n’est pas élevée, ce qui suggère que l’œstradiol ne joue pas de rôle physiopathologique notable dans la genèse de l’hypogonadisme hypogonadotrope du patient atteint de DT2 [2] and [69]. Si l’hypogonadisme est le plus souvent observé au cours du DT2, il est également susceptible de s’associer au diabète de type I. Avec le critère fourni par le calcul de la testostérone plasmatique libre, un hypogonadisme est retrouvé chez 20 % des patients atteints d’un diabète de type I [19]. Cette réduction de la fraction biologiquement active de la testostérone, contraste avec une testostéronémie totale normale dans la majorité des études menées dans le diabète de type I. Cette apparente discordance est liée à une élévation du taux plasmatique de SHBG [70].

Further studies examining cytokine responses in individuals from populations in which BCG does not offer good protection have been planned, and studies to establish which cells are producing these cytokines, and the kinetics involved, are warranted. Polyfunctional CD4+ T cells

have recently been shown to be induced following BCG and recombinant MVA85A vaccination [39]. We suggest that future vaccine trials might measure cytokines released into supernatants by Multiplex as a first step, in order to identify Selleck ABT 888 key cytokines for more detailed study, followed by measurement of these key cytokines and chemokines using multicolour FACS to determine if polyfunctional cells have been induced. With the current focus on polyfunctional cells [25], [39] and [40], this study reminds us of the importance of measuring SNS-032 purchase additional cytokines and chemokines to assess vaccine-induced immunity, and not just to focus on those we know are important. We would like to acknowledge Dr. Christine Sloczynska at Waltham Forest Primary Care Trust and Dr. Makki Hameed at Redbridge Primary Care Trust and Shakuntala Patel for their help with the UK infant study. We would like to thank all the mothers and babies who participated in the study. This work was supported by the Wellcome Trust

(grant number 063558/Z/01/B) and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation Grand Challenge (award 6_74). “
“Salmonella enterica is a diverse pathogen classified into >2400 serovars and is the cause of important infections in both humans and livestock. S. enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) is the causative agent of typhoid fever, a serious systemic disease in humans. It is estimated that the there are 22 million cases of typhoid fever annually worldwide, resulting in 200,000 deaths [1] and [2]. Vaccination against S. Typhi is a potentially

attractive method of disease control, but current vaccines have significant drawbacks and there is a need for improved versions [3] and [4]. S.enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium), a common cause of gastroenteritis (salmonellosis) in humans, has added significance because infection of mice with this serovar generates a systemic infection with important similarities to human typhoid fever. This mouse model has been used extensively to study typhoid-like infections [5] and [6]. The F0F1 ATPase is a complex of membrane proteins found in eukaryotes and prokaryotes that has been best studied in mitochondria [7] and [8], chloroplasts [9] and [10] and Escherichia coli [11], [12] and [13]. It plays a central role in energy transduction, generating ATP from ADP and Pi substrates via oxidative phosphorylation. The synthesis of ATP is driven by the flow of protons into the cell, generating a proton motive force which energises processes such as motility and active transport [14], [15], [16] and [17]. In E.

Ces critères ont une certaine pertinence : pour certains auteurs [66] and [67], la réduction des risques est une option thérapeutique envisageable et laisser les patients choisir leurs objectifs thérapeutiques augmente les chances click here de succès [68]. Différentes échelles d’évaluation étaient utilisées (OCDS, DrInC, Craving Severity Scale [CSS], European Addiction Severity Index [EuropASI]), ne permettant pas les comparaisons entre les

études. Dans les marqueurs d’évaluation biologique, le recours au CDT n’était pas systématique. Certains essais utilisaient un design particulier, par exemple, un essai ouvert comparant le topiramate à la naltrexone a inclus indifféremment des patients sevrés ou non [24], un autre essai ouvert comparant le topiramate au disulfirame [25] exigeait l’implication des familles dans la prise en charge. Dans la dépendance tabagique, il n’existe qu’un essai monocentrique randomisé

contrôlé versus placebo de faible puissance [26]. Les autres résultats sont issus de l’analyse de sous-groupe au sein d’essais concernant l’alcoolodépendance [27] and [28]. Dans la dépendance à la cocaïne, un essai [29] ne retient que des sujets avec un score de sevrage (Cocaine Selective Severity Assessment) inférieur à vingt-deux et ne rapporte pas de résultats significatifs mais un rapport de cote (Odds Ratio) de consommer de la cocaïne. Un autre essai [12] retrouve une proportion d’abstinents plus importante dans le groupe topiramate et sels d’amphétamines mais la significativité de ce résultat n’est pas rapportée. SNS-032 order Un troisième essai a retrouvé un résultat significatif sur un critère de jugement composite (consommation rapportée, test urinaire et taux de concordance estimé entre les deux) mais les résultats restent non significatifs concernant la proportion de semaines sans test urinaire positif [13]. Dans le gambling, il n’existe qu’un essai monocentrique randomisé contrôlé versus placebo de faible puissance [36]. Actuellement, la prescription du topiramate dans les troubles addictifs est une indication non reconnue dans la plupart des pays francophones,

notamment en France, en Belgique et au Canada. Le patient doit en être informé et le recueil de son consentement not est nécessaire. La balance bénéfice/risque doit être évaluée, et la prescription doit pouvoir être scientifiquement justifiée. Le risque de survenue de glaucome lors de la prescription de topiramate et les complications potentiellement graves de cette pathologie ophtalmologique (cécité notamment) incitent à la prudence. Enfin, les effets indésirables du topiramate sont indépendants des substances consommées et il peut être introduit chez des patients qui ne sont pas encore abstinents, quelle que soit l’addiction. Il n’y a pas eu d’interactions décrites avec l’alcool ou les drogues consommés par les patients inclus dans les études.

Strengths of our study also warrant comment. Analyses were based on a well-established cohort of farmers from an inclusive sampling frame. Our sampling was developed taking into account the full geographic, and resultant farming practice, range of agriculture in Saskatchewan. We were able to consider ranges of exposure to different types of farm

work allowing the assessment of dose-response. We were also able to compare findings from the cohort with those from the Canadian and Saskatchewan population using comparable measures. Our findings suggest that there is an increased risk of being overweight or obese with higher levels of mechanization. This is of obvious public health importance as the negative health consequences of obesity are well established (Must et al., 1999). Obesity also has consequences in terms of lost productivity, and Protease Inhibitor Library mouse on farms this has been demonstrated in terms of sick leave for back disorders stemming from tractor work as well as leaves from work due to disability related to obesity (Hartman et al., 2006). All check details of these consequences can negatively impact the health of farmers and the viability of farm operations. Despite these negative impacts, we are not promoting a reduction in farm mechanization as a viable intervention. First, replacement of mechanized with non-mechanized tasks will undoubtedly lead to

more opportunity for exposure to risk and hence injury. Second, reducing mechanization would reduce productivity in an already economically unstable occupational environment. Therefore, addressing heightened risks for obesity amongst farm people will need to be done within the context of an occupational environment that is becoming increasingly mechanized. Researchers and employers are developing during strategies to incorporate light intensity activity

into sedentary office occupations (e.g., standing desk, movement breaks) (Chau et al., 2010), and similar approaches could be considered for sedentary farming tasks. Increased efforts should be placed on increasing leisure-time physical activity amongst farm people, particularly those who spend most of their occupational time being sedentary. Finally, interventions could focus on the other behavioral determinants of obesity such as improving eating and sleep behaviors. This novel Canadian analysis examined engagement in different types of mechanized and non-mechanized work and how these related to overweight and obesity. Obesity is a major health issue on farms, and as such requires attention at both clinical and population health levels of intervention. While the mechanization of farm work has obvious benefits in terms of productivity, its potential effects on risks for overweight and obesity must be recognized. Conflict of Interest Statement No conflicts of interest to declare by any author. Ainsworth et al., 2000 Brumby et al., 2013 Bonauto et al., 2014 Cassady et al., 2007 Chau et al., 2010 Chen et al.

Table 9 presents platelet transfusion recommendations for HELLP [468] and [469], as platelet counts <10–20 × 109/L increase the risk of profound haemorrhage even with non-operative delivery [470]. The platelet count may decrease rapidly in HELLP, mandating frequent serial measurement of platelet count (within hours), depending on the clinical condition. Clinicians should be aware of the potential for delays when ordering platelets or other

blood products. Anti-D(Rho) sensitization can be prevented by anti-D prophylaxis (300 μg dose anti-D immune globulin) in Rh D negative women [470]. HELLP does not improve immediately after delivery [471], as most women’s platelet counts fall and liver enzymes rise until day two postpartum, usually improving Selleckchem LY2157299 by day four such that by day six (or within 3 days of the platelet nadir), the platelet count should be ⩾100 × 109/L. For HELLP, corticosteroids (dexamethasone more than betamethasone), especially if initiated before delivery, significantly improve platelet counts and other haematological and biochemical indices (ALT, AST, and LDH), but without a significant impact on major maternal or perinatal outcomes (death or severe morbidity) [472]. Regional

anaesthesia may be achieved more often with corticosteroids [473]. By incorporating dexamethasone into a local HELLP protocol (along with MgSO4 and antihypertensives), one centre noted less severe maternal morbidity and disease progression [474]. Women with progressive HELLP, particularly postpartum, may BMS-354825 improve with plasma therapies effective for thrombotic thrombocytopoenic purpura (TTP) [475]. No RCTs were identified. Also, see ‘Timing of delivery’. 1. BP should be measured during the time of peak postpartum BP, at days three to six after delivery (III-B; Low/Strong). Hypertension may antedate delivery in up to 50% of women with postpartum hypertension. Women with pre-existing hypertension not requiring antihypertensives antenatally may require antihypertensives early in the puerperium [476]. Those at greatest

risk of postpartum Astemizole hypertension are those who delivered preterm, and, for multiparous women, those with higher urate levels [477] and [478]. Postpartum deterioration of maternal end-organ function occurs in up to 25%, usually in the early puerperium, especially with severe disease [479]. De novo postpartum hypertension is most common on days three to six [480]. It may be isolated or associated with preeclampsia-related end-organ dysfunction. Two thirds of women with postpartum preeclampsia had no antenatal HDP and their postpartum preeclampsia/eclampsia usually develops within days, but occasionally up to three weeks, after delivery [481]. There are no reliable data to guide whether or not antenatal antihypertensives should be continued postpartum, and which antihypertensive to choose.