This paper will review the mechanisms by which pulmonary mechanics are assessed in mechanically ventilated

patients and will review how the data can be used for investigative research purposes as well as to inform rational ventilator management. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“We performed simultaneous Brillouin scattering and x-ray diffraction measurements on solid argon at high pressures and high temperatures (HP/HT) in an externally heated diamond-anvil cell. From the measured acoustic velocities and densities, we derive the bulk elastic properties of solid argon up to 700K at above 60GPa. Our measured acoustic velocity results at room temperature are in agreement with previous Brillouin scattering results. However, the derived aggregate PLX3397 in vitro elastic moduli differ from previous studies. In particular, the shear modulus is significantly lower. Our HP-/HT-data show

that the bulk modulus is almost insensitive to an increase of temperature (within the P-T-range Smoothened Agonist of our study), whereas the shear modulus G measurably decreases with increasing temperature. We find that G(P, T) can be described by a polynomial of the form: G (P,T) = 5.8(9) GPa+1.45(12)*(P-P-0) – 0.007(2) GPa(-1)*(P-P-0)(2) – 0.01(.3) GPaK(-1)*(T-T-0) – 0.0006(2) K-1*(P-P-0)*(T-T-0) (where the reference P/T-conditions are 4.3GPa and 300 K). We use our results to estimate the shear strength of argon at HP/HT, which we find to be 0.8GPa at 65GPa, substantially lower than found in a previous study. Increasing temperature to 700K reduces the shear strength to 0.5GPa at 65GPa. (C) 2013 AIP Publishing LLC.”
“Following hemi-glossectomy and right neck dissection a 63-year-old female patient presented as an emergency with a large

neck hematoma. There were significant concerns over difficulty in intubation and mask ventilation leading to deterioration into a cannot intubate cannot ventilate (CICV) situation. After careful discussion and planning with the surgical team, who planned a tracheostomy, the situation was salvaged using a ProSealTM Laryngeal Mask Airway (PLMA). The PLMA enabled rapid establishment of a clear airway early in anesthetic induction, controlled ventilation and safe airway maintenance WH-4-023 cost during a difficult tracheostomy. (Minerva Anestesiol 2012;78:619-21)”
“A simple and efficient one-pot approach for assembling novel spiro[indolepyranopyrrole] derivatives was developed and used to prepare a series of biologically important compounds. The reaction was easily performed with high efficiency under very simple and mild conditions without any catalysts and it gave good yields, avoiding time-consuming costly synthesis and laborious workup and purification of products. The cytotoxic activities of these new spiro[indolepyranopyrrole] derivatives were evaluated in vitro. Most of the tested compounds exhibited significant cytotoxicities to Raji cell lines.

\n\nResults. About 249 bp of amplicon for codon 17 and about 200 bp of amplicon for codon 26 were successfully amplified. No mutations were observed. Analyzed

embryos were not transferred back to patients because the embryos used as samples were wasted embryos.\n\nConclusions. Compared to other approaches for prenatal diagnosis, PGD is rapid and suitable as a noninvasive clinical tool for identifying genetic disorders for the purpose of reducing selective miscarriages and moral dilemmas. We opine that DNA extraction and amplification can be successfully performed by using single-cell PCR to diagnose genetic diseases before pregnancy. Crown Copyright (C) 2009 IMSS Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of Archives of Medical Research. find more All rights reserved.”
“Increasing evidence indicates a role for regulatory T cells (Tregs) in the immune response and in autoimmune diseases, but the role of Tregs and cytokines in autoimmune hepatic diseases remains largely unclear and controversial, especially in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC). click here This study was undertaken to investigate Tregs and different cytokines in the liver and peripheral blood of PBC patients. We found that these patients

demonstrated a reduction of CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells but elevated CD4(+)Foxp3(+) T cells in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and CD4(+) T cells. The percentage of CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells in PBMCs was negatively correlated with elevated plasma interferon (IFN)-gamma levels. A liver-specific analysis showed that the frequency of Foxp3(+) Tregs, transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta 1 and IFN-gamma were increased

in PBC patients. Our findings suggest that an imbalance between CD4(+)CD25(+) Tregs and cytotoxic cytokines plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of PBC while the role of Foxp3 needs further investigation. Cellular & Molecular Immunology (2010) 7, 485-490; doi: 10.1038/cmi.2010.40; published online 23 August 2010″
“Purpose: To evaluate the therapeutic effect of corneal cross-linking this website (CXL) in 2 cases of bullous keratopathy combined with corneal ulcer.\n\nMethods: Two patients (2 eyes) were recruited for the sake of the study. Both suffered from bullous keratopathy and presented a gradually deteriorating, vision-threatening, central corneal ulcer, despite intense local antibiotic therapy. The same surgical procedure was performed in both eyes. De-epithelialization of the affected corneas was accompanied by UV-A cross-linking and finally by the application of a therapeutic contact lens. Local antibiotic therapy was resumed after the procedure.\n\nResults: Within 24 hours of the treatment, both patients reported significant subjective improvement of their visual acuity and ocular discomfort.

Hypercalcemia is directly proportional to serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] but not 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D levels. It took approximately 1 yr to normalize 25(OH)D levels. However, once 25(OH)D levels decreased below 400 ng/ml, both patients became selleck products normocalcemic and asymptomatic without long-term sequelae.\n\nConclusions: Although rare, vitamin D intoxication should be considered in the differential diagnosis of hypercalcemia. Patients should be asked whether they are using dietary supplements, and serial questioning may be required because patients may not consider these supplements to be potential health risks. Errors in the manufacturing and labeling

of dietary supplements made in the United States may place individuals at increased risks for side effects. (J Clin Endocrinol Metab 96: 3603-3608, 2011)”
“The aim of this randomized controlled trial is to evaluate the effect on delayed gastric emptying (DGE) of using the greater omental flap to cover the cut surface of the liver after left-sided hepatobiliary resection.\n\nFrom June 2007 to December 2008, all eligible patients were randomly assigned to either the greater omental flap group (OF group) or the control group (non-OF group).\n\nA total of 40 patients remained for final analysis. The incidence of DGE after left-sided hepatobiliary resection GSI-IX datasheet was 25%. The incidence of DGE showed no statistically

significant differences between the OF group (10%) and the non-OF group (40%) (p = 0.065). The assessment of DGE using radiopaque rings revealed that changes over time in the gastric emptying ratio (GER, percentage of rings excreted from stomach) did not differ in a significant manner between the two groups. There were significant differences in changes over time in GER (p = 0.044) between the patients with and without DGE. The patients with DGE also showed higher GER at 5 h (p = 0.042) and at

6 h (p = 0.034) than those without DGE.\n\nUsing the greater omental flap to cover the cut surface of the liver may reduce the incidence of DGE after left-sided hepatobiliary resection. Assessment using radiopaque markers may be useful to evaluate DGE.”
“Aims: This study determined the information about recent alcohol consumption obtained find more when urinary ethyl glucuronide (EtG) and ethyl sulfate (EtS) were introduced as a routine test in outpatient treatment programs for alcohol and drug dependence. Patients and methods: Outpatients (21 men and 3 women) undergoing treatment for alcohol (N = 8) or drug (N = 10) dependence, or in methadone maintenance therapy (N = 6) volunteered for the study. Twice weekly in connection with return visits to the unit, patients gave a urine sample and completed an anonymous single-question form about any drinking in the past 3 days. Urinary EtG and EtS were determined by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.

“
“Objectives: Bent spine syndrome (BSS) is characterized by involuntary forward flexion of the

trunk in the standing position but not in the recumbent position. We assessed the causes of BSS based on findings in 63 patients.\n\nMethods: We retrospectively Lonafarnib reviewed the records of all patients with BSS evaluated at a teaching hospital in Toulouse, France, between 1995 and 2006. For each patient, we recorded the findings from the following investigations: physical examination, electromyogram (EMG), creatine phosphokinase (CPK) assay, computed tomography (CT), and surgical muscle biopsy.\n\nResults: We identified 63 patients, 46 females and 17 males, with a mean age of 70 +/- 6.9 years. Among them, 40 had delayed-onset paraspinal myopathy, with fatty infiltration predominantly affecting the paraspinal muscles. In 40% of these patients, CT disclosed mild fatty infiltration of the gluteal and posterior thigh and leg muscles in addition to the paraspinal muscle abnormalities. Paraspinal muscle histology showed lobular endomysial fibrosis, as previously described and ruled out other forms of muscle dystrophy. The remaining 23 patients (14 females and nine males) had either another neurological disease or myopathic involvement of other muscles, with a definite

diagnosis; nevertheless, forward bending of the trunk was the most prominent symptom and the reason for the initial physician visit.\n\nConclusion: In our case-series, delayed-onset paraspinal myopathy accounted for 64% of cases of BSS. The most informative AZD6244 investigation was CT, which showed a patchy decrease in paraspinal muscle

density. (C) 2010 Published by Elsevier Masson SAS on behalf of the Societe Francaise de Rhumatologie.”
“The purpose of this study was to click here identify the exercise intensity equivalent to the aerobic/anaerobic metabolic transition in obese rats of both genders using the maximal lactate steady state (MLSS) protocol. Four groups of rats were tested on MLSS protocol (swimming exercise): male control n=10, female control n=10, male obese n=10 and female obese n=10, after suitable adaptation to exercise in liquid medium and obesity induction by monossodic glutamate (MSG) administration. The obese groups had significant increase in subcutaneous adipose tissue as well as mesenteric and retroperitoneal fat depots comparing to the control groups. The Lee index was higher in the obese animals in comparison to their respective controls. It was possible to identify the MLSS at 6.0% of body weight for both obese groups. Concerning the female control group, the MLSS was determined at the intensity of 5.0% of body weight, whereas for the male control at 4.5% of body weight. It was concluded that obesity induced by MSG interferes in lactate kinetics during exercise and alters the effort intensity corresponding to the metabolic transition in both genders.

As temperature decreases from 296 K to 183 K (23 A degrees C to -90 A degrees C), the formation life for cracking about pit and EXCO corrosion perimeters increases, microstructure scale crack growth rates Nutlin-3 decrease in the range from 20 to 500 mu m beyond the corrosion topography,

and long crack growth rates similarly decline. Fatigue crack surface features correlate with reduced hydrogen embrittlement with decreasing temperature fed by localized H produced during precorrosion for pit and EXCO-proximate cracks, as well as by crack tip H produced by water vapor reaction during stressing for all crack sizes. The importance of the former H source increases with decreasing temperature for cracks sized below 200 mu m. Decreasing temperature to 223 K (-50 A degrees C) eliminates the contribution of environmental H through interaction of reduced water vapor pressure

in equilibrium with ice and reduced H diffusion. The Knudsen flow model and exposure parameter, , enables improved modeling of temperature dependent crack propagation, but does not fully describe low temperature fatigue behavior due to possible rate limitation by H diffusion. Further decreases in MSC da/dN to 183 K (-90 A degrees C) are related to reduced mobility of the corrosion-precharged H which GM6001 supplier may associate with vacancies from dissolution. Crack formation, and growth rates correlate with either elastic stress intensity range or cyclic crack tip opening displacement, and are available to predict corrosion effects on airframe fatigue for the important low temperature regime. DOI: 10.1007/s11661-012-1374-3 (C) The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society and ASM International 2012″
“Chemical cues constitute much of the language of life in the sea. Our understanding of biotic interactions and their effects on marine ecosystems will advance more rapidly if this language is studied

and understood. Here, I review how chemical cues regulate critical aspects of the behavior of marine organisms from bacteria to phytoplankton to benthic invertebrates and water column fishes. see more These chemically mediated interactions strongly affect population structure, community organization, and ecosystem function. Chemical cues determine foraging strategies, feeding choices, commensal associations, selection of mates and habitats, competitive interactions, and transfer of energy and nutrients within and among ecosystems. In numerous cases, the indirect effects of chemical signals on behavior have as much or more effect on community Structure and function as the direct effects of consumers and pathogens. Chemical cues are critical for understanding marine systems, but their omnipresence and impact are inadequately recognized.”
“We tested the hypothesis that trees have measurable effects on infiltrability, macroporosity, and preferential flows in agrosilvopastoral systems. Managing agricultural systems for water conservation is a critical component of sustainable systems.

“
“The fiber-modified adenoviral vector D-24-RGD selleck chemicals (D24RGD) offers vast therapeutic potential. Direct injection of D24RGD has been used to successfully target ovarian tumors in mice. However, systemic toxicity, especially in the liver, profoundly limits the efficacy of direct viral vector delivery. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) have the ability to function as a vector for targeted gene therapy because of their preferential engraftment into solid tumors and participation in tumor stroma formation. We show that MSC-guided delivery of D24RGD is specific

and efficient and reduces the overall systemic toxicity in mice to negligible levels compared with D24RGD alone. In our model, we found efficient targeted delivery of MSC-D24RGD to both breast and ovarian cell lines. Furthermore, immunohistochemical staining for adenoviral hexon protein confirmed negligible levels of systemic toxicity in mice that were administered

MSC-D24RGD compared with those that were administered D24RGD. These data suggest that delivery of D24RGD through MSC not only increases the targeted delivery efficiency, but also reduces the systemic exposure of the virus, thereby reducing overall systemic toxicity to the host and ultimately www.selleckchem.com/products/gsk923295.html enhancing its value as an anti-tumor therapeutic candidate. Cancer Gene Therapy (2010) 17, 289-297; doi: 10.1038/cgt.2009.67; published online 30 October 2009″
“Polyomavirus BK (BKV) is a widely latent pathogen in man. Although viral reactivation during pregnancy has been demonstrated, and polyomaviruses have been linked to chromosomal abnormalities, a pathogenic role for BKV in fetoplacental disease has not been explored. We performed in situ hybridization studies with BKV probes on cases of villitis of unknown etiology (102), diffuse villitis (25), and spontaneous abortion (22). We found no evidence that BKV plays a role in the pathogenesis of these common fetoplacental disorders.

J. Med. Virol. 83:1031-1033, 2011. (C) 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.”
“Several structural components of the type III secretion systems (T3SS) encoded by Salmonella pathogenicity island (SPI)-1 and SPI-2 are exposed to the host’s immune system prior to/during the infection/invasion process, making them potential vaccine candidates. In this study we Selleck PFTα evaluated whether chickens vaccinated with SPI-2 T3SS components could mount a significant humoral immune response (as measured by serum IgG titres) and whether these antibodies could be transferred to progeny (as measured by egg yolk IgG titres), and whether vaccinates and progeny of vaccinates could be protected against challenge with SE. The results of our studies show that vaccinated chickens do produce high levels of SPI-2 T3SS specific serum IgG that they are able to transfer to their progeny. It was demonstrated that vaccinates and progeny of vaccinates had lower overall countable recovered Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Enteritidis (SE) per bird in most situations.

05). This study gives promising results concerning the normal composition of PF and will be useful in the assessment of PF in diseased camels. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“To compare the observation and analyzed on clinic effect of root canal preparation using Protaper ultrasonic machine Ni-Ti files (A group), Protaper hand Ni-Ti files (B group) and standard hand stainless

steel K-files (C group). A total of 180 teeth of 159 elder patients were randomly assigned to three groups, and then root canal preparation is taken for 60 teeth of each group respectively. www.selleckchem.com/products/Cyclopamine.html The Protaper ultrasonic machine Ni-Ti files (A group) made good root canal shape after preparation in a safe and labor-saving method within a shorter time, and removed the debris and contamination level in the root canal thoroughly, It got significant differences from hand Ni-Ti files (B group) and hand stainless steel K-files (C group). As to dentine debris pushed out of apical foramen and solution quality and intraoperative reaction, Protaper ultrasonic

machine Ni-Ti file group was less than Protaper hand Ni-Ti file group (P<0.05); Protaper hand Ni-Ti file group was less than stainless steel K-file group (P<0.05). Significant differences existed among them. Compared with Protaper ultrasonic machine Ni-Ti files (A group), hand files (B0C group) can save more labor and time With less medical complications in the Citarinostat process of elder root canal preparation, as well as less substances pushed out of apical foramen. Root canal treatment high success

rate.”
“Nitration of 1-methoxy naphthalene with cerium (IV) ammonium nitrate in acetic acid gives a complex mixture of six nitro derivatives. Among the six compounds, five are known earlier and one is an unusual new dimer, 1,1′-dimethoxy-4,4′-dinitro-2,2′-binaphthyl, formed by the oxidative find more biradical coupling. The formation of 1,1′-dimethoxy-4,4′-dinitro-2,2′-binaphthyl is further confirmed by its reduction to 4,4′-diamino1,1′-dimethoxy-2,2′-binaphthyl.”
“Acoustically sensitive emulsion droplets composed of a liquid perfluorocarbon have the potential to be a highly efficient system for local drug delivery, embolotherapy, or for tumor imaging. The physical mechanisms underlying the acoustic activation of these phase-change emulsions into a bubbly dispersion, termed acoustic droplet vaporization, have not been well understood. The droplets have a very high activation threshold; its frequency dependence does not comply with homogeneous nucleation theory and localized nucleation spots have been observed. Here we show that acoustic droplet vaporization is initiated by a combination of two phenomena: highly nonlinear distortion of the acoustic wave before it hits the droplet and focusing of the distorted wave by the droplet itself.

\n\nResults: The dose equivalent per treatment absorbed dose at the center of the range-modulated region H/D(t) decreased as the position became farther from the beam axis and farther from the phantom surface. The values of H/D(t) ranged from 6.7 to 0.16 mSv/Gy for the 400 MeV/u carbon beam, from

1.3 to 0.055 mSv/Gy for the 290 MeV/u carbon beam, and from 4.7 to 0.24 mSv/Gy for the 235 MeV proton beam. The values of the dose-averaged quality factor Q(D) ranged from 2.4 to 4.6 for the 400 MeV/u beam, from 2.8 to 5.3 for the 290 MeV/u beam, and from 5.1 to 8.2 for the proton beam. The authors also observed differences in the distributions of H/D(t) and Q(D) between the carbon and proton beams.\n\nConclusions: The authors experimentally obtained absorbed doses, dose-averaged SNX-5422 ic50 quality factors, and dose equivalents in water phantom outside of the irradiation field in passive carbon-ion IPI-145 manufacturer and proton radiotherapies with TEPC. These data are very useful for estimating the risk of secondary cancer after receiving passive

radiotherapies and for verifying Monte Carlo calculations. (C) 2010 American Association of Physicists in Medicine. [DOT: 10.1118/1.3458721]“
“Scorpion stings constitute a common type of accident in Turkey due to the geographic location, climate and socioeconomic structure of this country. Moreover, envenomation cases are considered a public health problem throughout Turkey. Based on data in the literature, the

main clinical features Y-27632 of scorpion envenomations are defined as systemic manifestations including sweating, hypertension and vomiting, and among prominent causes of death are cardiorespiratory manifestations, toxic myocarditis and pulmonary edema. The most important health-threatening scorpions found in Turkey are: Androctonus crassicauda, Leiurus quinquestriatus, Mesobuthus gibbosus and Mesobuthus eupeus, all of which belong to the Buthidae family. This study indicates that there is no data related to venom toxicity and in vivo effects of other scorpions found in Turkey-such as Mesobuthus caucasicus, Mesobuthus nigrocinctus and Hottentotta saulcyi-and that further research should be performed to determine their health effects.”
“We analyzed the characteristics associated with the growth in height of Japanese triplets from birth to 12 years of age. The study included 376 mothers and their 1,128 triplet children, who were born between 1978 and 2006. Data were collected through a mailed questionnaire sent to the mothers asking for information recorded in medical records.

\n\nConclusion: Effective modifications have significantly improved the safety and efficacy of the dermal bra technique and have made it a mature approach for reduction mammaplasty and ptosis correction. (Plast.

Reconstr. Surg. 129: 1237, 2012.)”
“Background Alpine skiing and snowboarding are popular winter sports. The practice of ATG-016 these sports is related to traumatic injuries, some of which are severe and/or life threatening.\n\nObjectives To identify the incidence, injury patterns and associated risk factors of severe and polytraumatic injuries in South Tyrol.\n\nMaterials and methods During four consecutive winter seasons (2001-2005), data of every patient referred to our emergency department (Bolzano-Bozen) after a skiing or snowboarding accident were collected. One hundred and five patients with an Injury Severity Score of 16 or higher were identified (90 skiers, 15 snowboarders). Statistical descriptive analyses were carried out by producing frequency tables. Chi-square

test https://www.selleckchem.com/products/ro-3306.html was performed to verify possible association between injury severity and type of sport. Risk factors for severe injuries were evaluated using logistic regression with robust variance estimators.\n\nResults Traumatic brain injury was the most common injury observed (51 cases), followed by vertebral injury (45 cases); 63% of the patients reported two or more associated injuries. We observed significant associations between severe spine injuries and the following risk factors: snowboarders who reported more Roscovitine manufacturer severe injuries than skiers [odds ratio = 5.89, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.31, 26.44],

age classes of 40-50 years and over 60 years showed an OR of 8.10 (95% CI = 1.87, 35.06) and 5.16 (95% CI = 1.27, 21.01), respectively, with respect to age class (20-40 years).\n\nConclusion Severe traumatic injuries occur among skiers and snowboarders, and preventive measures such as the use of helmets and educational programs, are necessary. European Journal of Emergency Medicine 19: 69-72 (C) 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.”
“PURPOSE: To assess the three-dimensional repeatability of thickness measurements for epithelium, stroma, cornea, flap, and residual stromal bed using the Artemis very high-frequency (VHF) digital ultrasound arc-scanner (ArcScan Inc).\n\nMETHODS: Five consecutive measurements were obtained for 10 eyes of 10 patients 1 year after LASIK using the Artemis VHF digital ultrasound arc-scanner across the central 10-mm diameter of the cornea. Repeatability analysis was performed for thickness measurements for each corneal layer-epithelium, stroma, cornea, flap, and residual stromal bed. The standard deviation of repeated measurements (point-repeatability) was calculated for each measurement location in 0.1-mm steps for the 10 x 10-mm matrix.

In spite of this, there has been little attention focused on the oocyte itself. Recent findings in mammals have indicated that the oocyte produces several oocyte-specific factors, including growth differentiation factor 9 (GDF9) and bone morphogenetic factor 15 (BMP15), which influence the surrounding cells and follicular development. Our studies indicate that GDF9 is present in the hen oocyte GW3965 mouse and influences granulosa cell proliferation. Additionally, Bmp15 mRNA is most abundant in oocytes of small follicles and stimulates an increase in follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) receptor mRNA in granulosa cells. BMP15 also enhances yolk uptake in growing follicles by decreasing

tight junctions between granulosa cells. These studies indicate that the oocyte likely contributes to follicle development. Commercial laying hens

also spontaneously develop ovarian cancer at a high rate, and susceptibility to this disease has been associated with ovulatory events in women. Studies have shown that ovulation, or events associated with ovulation, increase Z-IETD-FMK mouse the prevalence of ovarian cancer in hens. Inhibition of ovulation in hens through a hormonal strategy mimicking oral contraceptives results in a decrease of ovarian cancer incidence. Recent studies in women have suggested that some ovarian tumors may arise from the distal oviduct. Gene expression profiles in very early stage tumors from hens show a high expression of oviduct-related genes, supporting the possibility of oviduct EPZ-6438 origin for some ovarian tumors. Genetic selection for high productivity in commercial laying hens has generated an efficient and valuable food source as well as an important animal model for human ovarian

cancer.”
“Exposure to stressful experiences can increase vulnerability to adverse health outcomes. A potential neuroendocrine mechanism mediating the link between stress and health is the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) system, with a key role attributed to the glucocorticoid hormone cortisol. Retrospective and cross sectional clinical studies of humans and experimental studies with nonhuman primates and rodents suggest that traumatic experiences during critical periods in development may have permanent effects on HPA regulation, which in turn can have deleterious effects on health. Here I report results from a continuous 20-year study (1988-2009) of children in a rural community on Dominica. Sequential data on cortisol levels, social stressors, and health in naturalistic, everyday conditions are examined to assess developmental trajectories of HPA functioning. Saliva aliquots were assayed for cortisol in concert with monitoring of growth, morbidity, and social environment. Analyses here include data from 1989 to 1999 for 147 children aged 3-16 years with >100 saliva samples each. Cortisol values were standardized by elapsed time since wake-up.