075 26 9315 cna-gfp (pSC301) 0.45 26 8938 ce1a-gfp (pSC302) 0.36 26 7253 ce7a-gfp (pSC303) 0.43 26 7050 recA-gfp (pSC201) 1.69 52 5695 lexA-gfp (pSC200) 0.53 52 2823 umuDC-gfp (pSC202) 0.05 24 4004 *Fluorescence threshold level is defined as the point of clear transition from basal

level (large majority of cells) to high fluorescence intensity. Both the recA-gfp and lexA-gfp fusions were expressed in the recA defective strain RW464, albeit at a lower level compared to the wild type (Table 4, Figure 2, Figure CBL0137 cell line 3), with a small fraction of the population exhibiting high fluorescence indicating that, stochastic factors could be involved. Filamentation due to delay in cell division is evident among the less robust recA defective strain. However, Navitoclax mw expression of the investigated genes was not limited to filamented cells (Figure 3). To resolve the effect of LexA regulation at the single cell level, expression of the investigated gene fusions was also studied in strain RW542 encoding a LexA protein defective in binding to LexA boxes. Fluorescence microscopy revealed

that in the lexA defective strain all cells harboring the lexA-gfp or recA-gfp fusions, as well as the large majority (98%) of the cells harboring gfp fusions with the colicin activity genes were intensely fluorescent, indicating high level expression GW786034 (data not shown). Simultaneous expression of the cka and SOS genes The advent of novel fluorescence markers enables analysis of simultaneous expression of two or more genes. To investigate in detail how the expression of colicin genes correlates with the expression of SOS genes, simultaneous expression of the cka and the lexA genes was followed at the single cell level in strain RW118 harboring two plasmids: pKCT10 with a cka-DsRed-Express2 fusion and the pSC101 derivative vector harboring the lexA-gfp fusion. As is evident from Figure 4, the large majority of cells that more highly expressed the lexA gene also expressed the cka gene. Nonetheless, individual

cells (approximately 0.1%) highly expressing only the cka gene could be detected suggesting, that in a very small fraction of the population the colicin K activity gene is expressed in the absence of the SOS response most probably stochastically, due to perhaps Org 27569 intracellular fluctuations of the LexA protein. Filamentation while a hallmark of SOS induction due to binding of SulA to the FtsZ proteins is also evident in cells not expressing lexA-gfp (Figure 4). Multimers of the natural cka-gfp encoding plasmid could be responsible for filamentation in the absence of SOS induction [38]. Figure 4 Fluorescence images showing simultaneous expression of the cka-DsRed-Express2 and lexA-gfp transcriptional fusions. A:. Expression of cka-DsRed-Express2 gene fusion. B: Expression of lexA-gfp gene fusion in RW118.

On the left side of the integration side an inverted repeat (IR) is indicated. Upstream of the IR a gene encoding a tRNACys is located. In B. bronchiseptica GI3::tetR is once more integrated in a gene encoding a tRNAGly (tRNA45) leading to a 18 bp duplication of its 3′-end. Much alike in B. petrii the direct repeat

sequence is followed by an inverted repeat (IR). Below the schematic presentations of the integration regions the respective DNA sequences of the integration sites are shown. The PF-01367338 start points of the tRNA genes are indicated by horizontal arrows indicating transcriptional polarity of the genes followed by a bar marked with a star which indicates the end of the tRNA gene. Vertical arrows indicate the integration sites of the GIs in the tRNA genes. Related inverted repeat sequences (IR) present in both species are boxed. In the case of B. bronchiseptica the sequence position indicated is taken from the genome sequence ARS-1620 purchase of strain RB50 [13]. Conclusion The data presented here underline the previous notion of a highly mosaic genome of B. petrii. By microarray analysis of spontaneous phenotypic variants of B. petrii and by direct detection of excised circular intermediates of the B. petrii GIs we show that all of them are active at least in terms of excision. We provide evidence that the adjacent integration of highly related elements may enable these elements to pick up additional

genomic material placed between the integration sites thereby leading to

an increase in the size of the islands. Moreover, the adjacent placement of islands encoding highly similar integrases and attachment sites may also lead to the formation of novel huge composite islands. For ICE-GI3 we show that without Lazertinib selective pressure this island is lost from the bacterial population. Moreover, P-type ATPase we show that this island is self transmissible and can be transferred to another Bordetella species, B. bronchiseptica. Therefore, the evolution of B. petrii involved massive horiztonal gene transfer, while in the classical pathogenic Bordetella species only very few examples of HGT have been reported, e.g. the horizontal transfer of insertion elements, the acquisition of an genomic region encoding an iron uptake system in B. holmesii and, possibly, the inactivation of the genes encoding adenylate cyclase toxin in a specific B. bronchiseptica lineage by a horizontally acquired gene cluster encoding peptide transport genes [12, 23, 24]. This may indicate that their unique habitat due to an obligate host association has dramatically limited the impact on horizontal gene transfer for the pathogenic Bordetellae once they had acquired their capacity to infect and to persist exclusively in vertebrate hosts. Methods Bacterial strains and growth conditions In this study B. petrii DSM12804, the type strain of the species [5], B. bronchiseptica BB7866 [25], and B.

He conducted his postgraduate research in nanoscale MOSFET modeling at the Intel Penang Design Osimertinib in vivo Center, Penang, Malaysia. He recently obtained his Ph.D. degree in 2011 at the University of Volasertib Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. He is a senior lecturer at UTM, a faculty member of the Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering and a research member of the CoNE Research Group, Faculty of Electrical Engineering. His present

research interests are in device modeling and circuit simulation of carbon nanotube, graphene nanoribbon, and MOSFET. MLPT is a registered graduate engineer of BEM, IEEE member, MIET member, graduate member of IEM (GRAD IEM), MySET, Johor Bahru Toastmasters International Club, and alumnus of Queens’ College Cambridge. Acknowledgements The authors would like to acknowledge the financial support from UTM GUP Research Grant (vote no Q.J130000.2623.09J21) and Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (vote no R.J130000.7823.4F247 and R.J130000.7823.4F314) of the Ministry of Higher Education (MOHE), Malaysia. The authors also acknowledge the Selumetinib research buy Research Management Centre (RMC) of the Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) for providing excellent research environment to complete this work. References 1. Wolfbeis OS: Fiber-optic chemical sensors and biosensors. Anal Chem 2008, 80:4269–4283.CrossRef 2. Diamond

D: Principles of Chemical and Biological Sensors. New York: Wiley; 1998. 3. Sandhu A: Glucose sensing: silicon’s sweet spot. Nat Nanotechnol 2007. 10.1038/nnano.2007.2

4. Zhu ZG, Garcia-Gancedo L, Chen C, Zhu XR, Xie HQ, Flewitt AJ, Milne WI: Enzyme-free glucose biosensor see more based on low density CNT forest grown directly on a Si/SiO 2 substrate. Sens Act B-Chem 2013, 178:586–592.CrossRef 5. Wen Z, Ci S, Li J: Pt nanoparticles inserting in carbon nanotube arrays: nanocomposites for glucose biosensors. J Phys Chem C 2009, 113:13482–13487.CrossRef 6. Zhu Z, Song W, Burugapalli K, Moussy F, Li Y-L, Zhong X-H: Nano-yarn carbon nanotube fiber based enzymatic glucose biosensor. Nanotechnology 2010, 21:165501.CrossRef 7. Alwarappan S, Boyapalle S, Kumar A, Li C-Z, Mohapatra S: Comparative study of single-, few-, and multilayered graphene toward enzyme conjugation and electrochemical response. J Phys Chem C 2012, 116:6556–6559.CrossRef 8. Du D, Zou Z, Shin Y, Wang J, Wu H, Engelhard MH, Liu J, Aksay IA, Lin Y: Sensitive immunosensor for cancer biomarker based on dual signal amplification strategy of graphene sheets and multienzyme functionalized carbon nanospheres. Anal Chem 2010, 82:2989–2995.CrossRef 9. Abdelwahab AA, Koh WCA, Noh H-B, Shim Y-B: A selective nitric oxide nanocomposite biosensor based on direct electron transfer of microperoxidase: removal of interferences by co-immobilized enzymes. Biosens Bioelectron 2010, 26:1080–1086.CrossRef 10. Kiani M, Ahmadi M, Akbari E, Rahmani M, Karimi H, Che Harun FK: Analytical modeling of bilayer graphene based biosensor.

MGCD0103 solubility dmso carbohydrate oxidation efficiency: Estimation of carbohydrate oxidation

efficiency was determined using the following formula [7]: Statistical analyses: Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS Statistics for Windows version 19 (SPSS, Chicago, USA). A two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with repeated measures design was used to assess for interaction effects between conditions, trials and over time. Where appropriate, a one-way ANOVA was used to assess for differences for relevant experimental Pritelivir mouse measures (e.g.: mean CHOEXO) between trials only. Significant differences were assessed with a student t-test with Bonferoni post hoc adjustments. Where pertinent, pearson chi squared assessment was undertaken (e.g.: gastrointestinal responses). An alpha level of 0.05 was employed for assessment of statistical significance. All data are reported as means ± SE. Results Submaximal oxidation trial Total carbohydrate oxidation Data for total carbohydrate oxidation rates are represented in Figures 1 and 2. During steady state aerobic exercise performed at 50% Wmax, mean CHOTOT between 60–150 minutes were significantly different between treatment conditions (F = 20.601; P = 0.0001). Mean CHOTOT were significantly greater for both GSK458 ic50 MD + F and MD

compared with P throughout the last 90 minutes of steady state exercise (2.74 ± 0.07 g.min-1 for MD + F and 2.50 ± 0.11 g.min-1 for MD v 1.98 ± 0.12 g.min-1 for P respectively; P = 0.0001). Mean CHOTOT were not shown to be statistically different between MD + F and MD (P > 0.05). Figure 1 Assessment of test beverages on mean CHO TOT oxidation rates between 60–150 minutes of the submaximal exercise trial. Figure 1 demonstrates the influence of all test beverages on mean total carbohydrate oxidation rates in the final 90 minutes of the oxidation trial. Data are presented as mean ± SE; n = 14. P, Placebo; MD, maltodextrin beverage; MD + F, maltodextrin-fructose

beverage; CHOTOT, total carbohydrate oxidation rates. *denotes significant difference (P < 0.001) to P. Figure 2 Assessment of test beverages on mean CHO TOT Methamphetamine oxidation rates at various timepoints during the submaximal exercise trial. Figure 2 shows the difference between test beverages for total carbohydrate oxidation rates at specific 30 minute time periods in the final 90 minutes of the oxidation trial. Data are presented as mean ± SE; n = 14. P, Placebo; MD, maltodextrin beverage; MD + F, maltodextrin-fructose beverage; CHOTOT, total carbohydrate oxidation rates. *denotes significant difference (P < 0.005) to P within timepoint assessment. † denotes significant difference between MD and MD + F within timepoint assessment (P = 0.004).

80–1.25 (Cmax GMR 0.957, 90 % CI 0.907–1.01; AUC∞ GMR 1.001, 90 % CI 0.958–1.046), demonstrating the

bioequivalence of MPH alone and with GXR. Fig. 2 Mean plasma dexmethylphenidate (d-MPH) concentrations over time following administration of methylphenidate hydrochloride (MPH) alone and in combination with guanfacine extended release (GXR). A time shift has been applied to the figure; values have been Dasatinib chemical structure slightly staggered on the x-axis for clarity, as some values were similar between the two treatment regimens 3.2 Safety Results Sixteen subjects (42.1 %) had at least one TEAE. The most commonly reported TEAEs included headache (5.4, 10.5, and 8.1 % following GXR, MPH, and GXR and MPH combined, respectively), dizziness (2.7, 5.3, and 2.7 %, respectively), and postural dizziness (8.1, 0.0 and 0.0 %, respectively). The TEAEs VX-809 datasheet observed were consistent with the known effects of GXR and MPH administered alone. One event (orthostatic syncope) was considered serious but was mild in severity and did not lead to study discontinuation. The subject was a 22-year-old male who had no Verteporfin cell line relevant history, no history of syncope, and no recent illness. The event occurred 2 h after he received his first treatment,

which was a single oral dose of GXR 4 mg alone. The event lasted less than 1 minute, and the subject recovered spontaneously and completed the study. No subject had a severe AE or an AE leading to withdrawal. The majority of TEAEs were mild, and no differences in the types, incidences, or severity of TEAEs were reported across treatments. No clinically meaningful differences in biochemistry, hematology, or urinalysis results across treatment groups were noted. The

effects of monotherapy with GXR or MPH on vital signs, including SBP, DBP, and supine pulse rate, were as expected. Figure 3 shows the mean supine pulse rates over the course of 12 h following administration of GXR, MPH, and GXR and MPH. Following administration of GXR, there was a modest decrease in the mean pulse rate, which started returning to baseline levels Fossariinae 6 h postdose. In contrast, a modest increase in the mean supine pulse rate was seen with MPH. Fig. 3 Mean (±standard deviation) supine pulse rate over hours 1 to 12 following study drug administration (observed values). GXR guanfacine extended release, MPH methylphenidate hydrochloride Changes in supine SBP (Fig. 4a) and DBP (Fig. 4b) were also noted after administration of GXR and MPH alone. Modest decreases in blood pressure (BP) were seen with GXR, and small increases in BP were reported with MPH. Fig. 4 a Mean [±standard deviation (SD)] supine systolic blood pressure (SBP) and b mean (±SD) supine diastolic blood pressure (DBP) over hours 1 to 12 following drug administration (observed values). GXR guanfacine extended release, MPH methylphenidate hydrochloride As shown in Figs.

Figure 8 shows the trajectories of the magnetization at the top of the hard layer projected onto the x-z plane when the dc and microwave fields are (a) H dc = 16.6 kOe, H ac = 0.5 kOe and (b) H dc = 11.4 kOe, H ac = 0.6 kOe at an angle of incidence of 0°. Figure 8a shows magnetization switching induced

by large damping in the early stage of the Necrostatin-1 in vivo switching process. The magnetization switching process seems to be an unstable switching according to the comparison between theoretical analysis and micromagnetic simulation as shown in Figures 2 and 3, respectively. On the other hand, the precessional oscillation is observed at H dc = 11.4 kOe with H ac = 0.6 kOe. Magnetization switching involving precessional oscillation was also observed in the stable switching of the Stoner-Wohlfarth grains. This implies that unstable and stable switching occurs under the conditions (a) and (b), respectively, in the ECC grains, indicating that the microwave-assisted check details switching behavior of the ECC grains qualitatively agrees with the theory predicted by Osimertinib Bertotti [21, 22] and micromagnetic simulation by Okamoto [14]. Figure 7 Switching field of the ECC grain. The dc field incident angles are (a) 0°, (b) 15°, (c) 30°, and (d) 45°. Figure 8 Trajectories of the magnetization at the top of the hard section for the ECC grain. Projected onto the x-z plane under the field conditions (a) H dc = 16.6 kOe, H

ac = 0.5 kOe and (b) H dc = 11.4 kOe, H ac = 0.6 kOe at 0 K. The dc field incident angle is 0°. Figure 9 shows the probability in magnetization switching events of the ECC grains at the finite temperature T = 400 K. Figure 9a,b,c,d is for the incident angles of 0°, 15°, 30°, and 45°, respectively. As concluded from the magnetization behavior shown in Figure 8, the switching probability widely distributes in H dc and H ac when the incident angle is 0°, which is probably the evidence

for unstable switching. On the other hand, the distribution becomes very narrow when the incident angle increases in the same manner as that in Stoner-Wohlfarth grains. This also implies that the reduction in the unstable switching area is due to the incident angles. Figure 9 Magnetization Exoribonuclease switching probability distribution for the ECC grain at 400 K. With incident angles of (a) 0°, (b) 15°, (c) 30°, and (d) 45°. Conclusions Magnetization switching behavior of a nanoscale ECC grain under microwave assistance has been numerically analyzed by comparing it with that of a Stoner-Wohlfarth grain. The computational simulation indicated that significant switching field reduction due to relatively large microwave field excitation is observed in the ECC grains. Therefore, the magnetization switching in the ECC grain under microwave assistance seems to be divided into two regions of stable and unstable switching depending on applied dc and microwave field strength.

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P, Ehrlich D, Maguin E, van NCT-501 de Guchte M: Prediction of surface exposed proteins in Streptococcus pyogenes , with a potential application to other Gram-positive bacteria. Proteomics 2009, 9: 61–73.PubMedCrossRef 16. Trost M, Wehmhöner D, Kärst U, Dieterich G, Wehland J, Jänsch L: Comparative this website proteome analysis of secretory proteins from pathogenic and nonpathogenic Listeria species. Proteomics 2005, 5: 1544–1557.PubMedCrossRef 17. Hansmeier N, Chao T, Kalinowski J, Pühler A, Tauch A: Mapping and comprehensive analysis of the extracellular and cell surface proteome of the human pathogen Corynebacterium diphtheriae . Rucaparib concentration Proteomics 2006, 6: 2465–2476.PubMedCrossRef 18. Målen H, Berven FS, Fladmark KE, Wiker HG: Comprehensive analysis of exported proteins from Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv. Proteomics 2007, 7: 1702–1718.PubMedCrossRef 19. Mastronunzio JE, Huang Y, Benson DR: Diminished exoproteome of Frankia spp. in culture and symbiosis. Appl Environ Microbiol 2009, 75: 6721–6728.PubMedCrossRef 20. Dumas E, Desvaux M, Chambon C, Hébraud M: Insight into the core and variant exoproteomes of Listeria monocytogenes

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2). Cladistics 1989, 5:164–166. 49. Hansen DS, Skov R, Benedi JV, Sperling V, Kolmos HJ: Klebsiella typing: pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) in comparison with O:K-serotyping. Clin Microbiol Infect 2002, 8:397–404.PubMedCrossRef Competing interests The authors declare that there are no competing interests. Authors’ contributions ECV and MP provided the Kp13 isolate and performed bacterial identification. ALG, MFN and ATRV conceived the pyrosequencing strategy. Annotation and bioinformatics analyses were performed by LGPA, LFGZ, PIPR, RCP, ACG and MFN. The manuscript was prepared by PIPR, RCP,

ACG and MFN. All authors read buy PU-H71 and approved the final manuscript.”
“Background Knowledge about types of secretion pathways in prokaryotes has proportionally increased with the number of complete genomes deposited in the nucleotide databases. Moreover, several studies of secretion systems have been conducted with the purpose of understanding the biological mechanisms involved in the association between microorganisms and their hosts, since several secretion systems in prokaryotes should be MM-102 concentration mediating the mutualistic symbiotic or pathogenic relationships. Secretion systems have been classified into seven major

evolutionarily and functionally related groups, termed types I-VII [1–6]. Type IV Secretion FG-4592 concentration system (T4SS) is one of the most functionally diverse, both in terms of the transported substrate (DNA, proteins, or DNA-protein complex) and the projected recipients (receiver cells or extracellular medium) [7]. According to this high range, three types of T4SS have been described: (i) the conjugation system (translocates DNA-protein substrates to recipient cells via a contact-dependent process) [8]; (ii) the effector translocator system (delivers proteins or other effector molecules to eukaryotic target cells) [9]; and (iii) the DNA release or uptake system (translocates DNA to or from the extracellular milieu) [10]. To accomplish that transport, Miconazole the system comprises multisubunit cell-envelope-spanning structures, which form a secretion

channel and often a pilus. Moreover, other proteins not needed for the assembly of the channel are required for the proper function of the system [11]. Most studies on T4SS have been carried out in some Gram-negative bacteria used as models: (i) the archetypal VirB/D4 encoded by pTi plasmid of Agrobacterium tumefaciens[12]; (ii) the Helicobacter pylori ComB that secretes DNA to the extracellular milieu [13]; (iii) Tra/Trb encoded by F plasmid of Escherichia coli[14]; and (iv) Dot/Icm identified in Legionella spp [15] and Coxiella burnetti[16] and (v) Tfc in genomic islands of Haemophilus spp [17]. Currently, there is information on a few T4SS subunits of Gram-positive bacteria, which are mainly representative of conjugation systems [18]. Also, a small number of archaeal conjugation systems have been recently described, such as the conjugative plasmids of thermophilic crenarchaeal Sulfolobus spp [19].

These products are deleterious for host health Caspase Inhibitor VI [22]. Figure 5 presents the cumulative total production of BCFA. BCFA are produced in small amounts for every test variation compared to the SCFA (about 20 to 40 fold lower). Total BCFA production was highest when probiotic was administered after clindamycin. However, when Clindamycin and probiotics were administered at the same time, the BCFA production was decreased. In the Selleckchem Go6983 experiments in which Clindamycin was administered (the first 7 days), the BCFA production was comparable to the control. Therefore the decreasing effect probably was induced by the use of

probiotics. When probiotics were administered after a week treatment with Clindamycin, this decreasing effect in BCFA production was not observed. Figure 5 Cumulative production for the branched chain fatty acids (BCFA) iso-butyrate and iso-valerate during the different experiments in TIM-2: (A) Clindamycin for 7 days (d 1-7 a) followed by VSL#3 (d 8-14 p); (B) Clindamycin + VSL#3 for 7 days (d 1-7 a + p); (C) no therapy group for 7 days (controls). Figure 5D shows the comparison of absolute amounts (in mmol) at the end of

each 7 days period. Figure 6 shows the cumulative total production of ammonia. For ammonia the production was decreased between day 3 and 7 in the test experiments compared to the control. In the experiments PF-6463922 chemical structure in which Clindamycin was administered, as well as in which Clindamycin was administered together with probiotics, the ammonia production was reduced just as observed for the BCFA. Figure 6 Cumulative PAK5 production for ammonia during the different experiments in TIM-2 (A) (Clindamycin for 7 days (d 1-7 a) followed by VSL#3 (d 8-14 p); Clindamycin + VSL#3 for 7 days (d 1-7 a + p); no therapy group for 7 days (controls). Figure 6B shows the comparison of absolute amounts (in mmol) at the end of each 7 days period. Composition of the microbiota To determine the effects of Clindamycin and the probiotics on the composition of the microbiota, the I-chip platform was used. The

I-chip contained roughly 400 probes, some for group-level detection (e.g Bifidobacterium genus) and some for the detection of individual species (e.g. Bifidobacterium longum). Some groups and species were covered by more than one probe. In all cases the hybridization to these multiple probes correlated very well. However, not al probes gave a signal above background noise, which was expected, as not all microorganisms are present above the level of detection of the method (approximately 107 CFU/g). Due to the different nature of each probe (different sequence), hybridization intensity does not necessarily reflect abundance. Difference in GC-content results in different hybridization efficiencies.

4). In addition, 56 % of bachelor’s programs had an arts and humanities course in their core offerings, compared to only 22 % of the master’s programs (Fig. 4).

In contrast, only 33 % of the bachelor’s programs had a research course component within their core, while 89 % of master’s programs featured selleck screening library research. Core course subjects Among the core courses, each disciplinary category contained a number of course subject areas (Table 1), with many categories dominated by one or two Sotrastaurin order common subjects (Fig. 4). In the sustainability category, an introductory sustainability course was present in 81 % of bachelor’s and 85 % of master’s programs. In the core course category of applied sustainability, the topics offered ranged widely (Table 1), but the urban sustainability and energy core course subject areas were the most common among bachelor’s programs (present in 41 and 33 % of the

programs respectively), and the climate (41 %) and enterprise (37 %) core course subject areas were the most common among the master’s programs. Seven master’s programs with a core course in applied PF-01367338 chemical structure sustainability focusing on climate contributes to the high weighting for this subject at the master’s level; if we excluded the climate course from the Leeds University programs in the analysis, the climate, energy, water, and industry core course subject areas were roughly equally represented (~20 %) among the master’s programs. Within the natural science category, the environmental science and ecology core course subject areas were the most common among the bachelor’s programs

(present in 78 and 52 % of the programs, respectively) (Fig. 4a). At the master’s level, no single natural science core course subject area was found among more than 20 % of the programs (Fig. 4b); climate science was the most common (present in 19 % of the programs, although all of these five programs were within the seven different sustainability degree programs at Leeds University). Within the social science category, CYTH4 the most common core course subjects in bachelor’s programs were economics (59 %) and policy and governance (56 %). For master’s programs, the most common core course subjects were policy and governance (78 %) and development (44 %). Reading lists Of our total sample of 54 programs, 83 % (45 programs) featured a core course in sustainability. At some universities, the same core course was shared between more than one program, resulting in a total of 32 unique core sustainability courses. We contacted the instructors of these 32 core sustainability courses, and received 25 responses with syllabi, 22 of which included reading lists. The 22 courses with reading lists in our sample are core courses in a total of 32 programs (those marked with an asterisk in Table 2; those which share a core course with other programs at the same university share a letter).