The vertical force vector of the appliance

The vertical force vector of the appliance Ceritinib 1032900-25-6 tipped and intruded the upper molars in the treatment group. Eventhough no statistically significant difference was observed when two groups are compared, due to the vertical control obtained in the treatment group we think that Forsus? FRD can be used in high-angle cases. However, since retrusion of the upper incisors may cause an increase at the gingival display, high-angle patients without high smile line should be preferred. Retrusion and extrusion of the upper incisors and intrusion of upper molars, and protrusion of the lower incisors induced a significant clockwise rotation of the occlusal plane. Other investigators reported similar effects on the occlusal plane in their studies.11,13,19,24,28 Also, the changes in overbite and overjet are consistent with our previous dentoalveolar findings.

The correction of the overjet was achieved both by the retrusion of the upper incisors and protrusion of the lower incisors. These tipping movements also led to a development of the bite. Previous functional therapy studies also pointed out to significant decreases in overbite and overjet.8,11�C13,19,24�C28 The soft-tissue parameters show that the Forsus? FRD slightly improved the profile. The upper lip followed the backward movement of the upper incisors and this caused the lip strength decrease significantly. The lower lip was no longer captured behind the upper incisors as a result of both retrusion of the upper incisors and the support of the proclined lower incisors. Consequently, the soft tissue reflected the majority of the dentoalveolar changes.

Similar soft-tissue changes were attained from previous studies.19,28,29 The spring inter-arch appliance that is used in this study did not force the mandible to posture and function in a forward position. The correction of Class II was achieved through significant dentoalveolar changes that are obtained. These results necessitate further clinical studies that will reveal the long-term TMJ effects and stability of the appliance used in late adolescence. CONCLUSIONS The Forsus? FRD is effective for treating Class II patients. The Forsus? FRD corrected the Class II discrepancies through dentoalveolar changes. Therefore, this appliance can be an alternative to Class II elastics. The maxillary incisor crowns retroclined and the mandibular incisor crowns tipped forward.

The occlusal plane rotated in a clockwise manner. Skeletally no vertical or saggital changes were noted. Therefore, the appliance can also be used in high-angle cases without high smile line.
Cherubism is a familial disorder of the jaws, which was first identified by Jones in 1933.1 The term ��cherubism�� has arisen from the characteristic cherubic appearance of the patients. Cherubism Dacomitinib is an autosomal dominant disease, and mutation of the exon 9 of the SH3BP2 gene has been identified in cherubism patients.

13�C20 Apart from bacteria, amoebae species have also been observ

13�C20 Apart from bacteria, amoebae species have also been observed.21 Some of these microorganisms found full report in this environment have also been associated with hospital infections, and some in particular are of concern for the dental office.22�C30 In one case, Mycobacterium xenopi was implicated in 19 cases of pulmonary disease in a hospital with transmission occurring through infected aerosols when patients used a shower.29 Water spray related aerosols generated by high-speed handpieces; ultrasonic/Piezo electric scalers and air/water syringes are common place in the dental environment contaminating the immediate surroundings of patients seated in the chair.31,32 These sprays and aerosols generated in the dental office could be a potential route for the transmission of microbes.

18,32,33 Atlas et al33 found Legionella in treatment water from dental units, water faucets and drinking water fountains. Aerosols generated by the dental handpieces were the source of sub-clinical infection with Legionella pneumophila in a dental school environment.18 Fotos et al34 investigated exposure of students and employees at a dental clinic and found that, of the 270 sera tested, 20% had significantly higher IgG antibody activity to the pooled Legionella sp. antigen as compared with known negative controls. In a similar sero-epidemiological study Reinthaler et al35 found a high prevalence of antibodies to Legionella pneumophila among dental personnel. These two cornerstone sero-epidemiological studies34,35 on Legionella a known pathogen, are of significant concern to both dental care providers (occupational exposure), as well as iatrogenic disease risk to patients.

Other than microbes, very high doses of bacterial endotoxins (>100 EU/mL) were measured in dental unit water, with even municipal water containing more that 25 EU/Ml.36 Exposure of the patient to certain microbes associated with respiratory, enteric diseases or even conjunctivitis may be very plausible if the water quality is poor.37 The types of organisms may range from Amoebae, Legionella to E. coli21 seen in dental units connected to municipal water, or when connected to self-contained reservoirs, which may be contaminated by the dental staff not following proper hand washing or aseptic procedures such as wearing gloves while handling self-contained reservoirs.

37 Considering the presence of these contaminants, control methods for cleaning and disinfecting the dental water system and providing quality irrigant/dental treatment water is warranted. To avoid water from passively dripping from the AV-951 handpieces, air/water syringes, ultrasonic or Piezo electric scalers, devices are manufactured with a retraction mechanism. This mechanism can actively ��suck-back�� contaminants from the oral cavity with the introduction of oral contaminants including microbes into the dental unit waterlines and the dental unit water system.

Previous studies showed contradictory results regarding the effec

Previous studies showed contradictory results regarding the effect of C-factor on composite selleck bio resin restorations. Laboratory studies showed that high C-factor increases the rate and amount of stresses resulting from polymerization shrinkage of resin composite restorations.19,29 Santini et al30 found no difference in the amount of microleakage between box-shaped cavities and V-shaped cavities at both enamel and gingival margins. Using bovine incisors, a difference in microleakage has been demonstrated between two cylindrical class V cavities of different dimensions, but of the same C-factor.15 Therefore, it was concluded that microleakage is more closely related to the volume of the restoration rather than to the C-factor.

14 Our results were very interesting, as class V cavities with higher C-factor had more microleakage than class V cavities with lower C-factor only when the fast curing mode was used. On the other hand, there was no difference in the amount of microleakage when the soft-start curing mode was used, regardless of the value of the C-factor. In all groups, the volume of the restorations was the same. These results can be explained by the fact that fast curing mode produces higher stresses at the adhesive system, and these stresses have the worst effect in case of unfavorable cavity design (i.e. high C-factor). One could speculate that the variation between the results of different studies can be attributed to variations in methodology, for example, type of cavity prepared in each study (class I vs. class II vs. class V), type of teeth used (human vs.

bovine vs. models), restorative materials used, the curing protocols employed in addition to the type of adhesive system and the way it has been manipulated. Another important factor is the way the investigators change the C-factor of the cavity, i.e., by increasing the depth or the width of the cavity, as using cavities of different depths results in different dentinal properties, which can affect microleakage. In our study, we purposely changed the C-factor by changing the shape of the cavities, keeping the volume and the depth of the cavities constant in all the tested groups. One LED curing light was used in this study, but with two curing modes. Although the curing time was different between the two curing modes used, the total energy delivered was the same (16.5 J/cm2).

Previous studies demonstrated that soft-start curing delivers low levels of energy initially, allowing the resin composite to flow. This releases the stresses of polymerization shrinkage, resulting in reducing microleakage.7,31,32 High polymerization stresses have been shown to increase Drug_discovery leakage in class V cavities.12 On the contrary, Hofmann and Hunecke6 showed no difference between high intensity curing lights with soft-start curing, with regard to margin quality and marginal seal of class II resin composite restorations.

The vertical force vector of the appliance

The vertical force vector of the appliance sellckchem tipped and intruded the upper molars in the treatment group. Eventhough no statistically significant difference was observed when two groups are compared, due to the vertical control obtained in the treatment group we think that Forsus? FRD can be used in high-angle cases. However, since retrusion of the upper incisors may cause an increase at the gingival display, high-angle patients without high smile line should be preferred. Retrusion and extrusion of the upper incisors and intrusion of upper molars, and protrusion of the lower incisors induced a significant clockwise rotation of the occlusal plane. Other investigators reported similar effects on the occlusal plane in their studies.11,13,19,24,28 Also, the changes in overbite and overjet are consistent with our previous dentoalveolar findings.

The correction of the overjet was achieved both by the retrusion of the upper incisors and protrusion of the lower incisors. These tipping movements also led to a development of the bite. Previous functional therapy studies also pointed out to significant decreases in overbite and overjet.8,11�C13,19,24�C28 The soft-tissue parameters show that the Forsus? FRD slightly improved the profile. The upper lip followed the backward movement of the upper incisors and this caused the lip strength decrease significantly. The lower lip was no longer captured behind the upper incisors as a result of both retrusion of the upper incisors and the support of the proclined lower incisors. Consequently, the soft tissue reflected the majority of the dentoalveolar changes.

Similar soft-tissue changes were attained from previous studies.19,28,29 The spring inter-arch appliance that is used in this study did not force the mandible to posture and function in a forward position. The correction of Class II was achieved through significant dentoalveolar changes that are obtained. These results necessitate further clinical studies that will reveal the long-term TMJ effects and stability of the appliance used in late adolescence. CONCLUSIONS The Forsus? FRD is effective for treating Class II patients. The Forsus? FRD corrected the Class II discrepancies through dentoalveolar changes. Therefore, this appliance can be an alternative to Class II elastics. The maxillary incisor crowns retroclined and the mandibular incisor crowns tipped forward.

The occlusal plane rotated in a clockwise manner. Skeletally no vertical or saggital changes were noted. Therefore, the appliance can also be used in high-angle cases without high smile line.
Cherubism is a familial disorder of the jaws, which was first identified by Jones in 1933.1 The term ��cherubism�� has arisen from the characteristic cherubic appearance of the patients. Cherubism Brefeldin_A is an autosomal dominant disease, and mutation of the exon 9 of the SH3BP2 gene has been identified in cherubism patients.

In addition, according to previous studies, propolis prevents den

In addition, according to previous studies, propolis prevents dental caries and periodontal disease, since it demonstrated significant antimicrobial activity www.selleckchem.com/products/3-deazaneplanocin-a-dznep.html against the microorganisms involved in such diseases. These results give hope to us that propolis, a natural product, can be used for oral rehabilitation of patients for various purposes.
The extraction of a tooth requires that the surrounding alveolar bone be expanded to allow an unimpeded pathway for tooth removal. However, in generally the small bone parts are removed with the tooth instead of expanding.1�C4 Fracture of a large portion of bone in the maxillary tuberosity area is a situation of special concern. The maxillary tuberosity is especially important for the stability of maxillary denture.

2,3 Large fractures of the maxillary tuberosity should be viewed as a grave complication. The major therapeutic goal of management is to salvage the fractured bone in place and to provide the best possible environment for healing.3 Routine treatment of the large maxillary tuberosity fractures is to stabilize the mobile part(s) of bone with one of rigid fixation techniques for 4 to 6 weeks. Following adequate healing, a surgical extraction procedure may be attempted. However, if the tooth is infected or symptomatic at the time of the tuberosity fracture, the extraction should be continued by loosening the gingival cuff and removing as little bone as possible while attempting to avoid separation of the tuberosity from the periosteum.

If the attempt to remove the attached bone is unsuccessful and the infected tooth is delivered with the attached tuberosity, the tissues should be closed with watertight sutures because there may not be a clinical oroantral communication. The surgeon may elect to graft the area after 4 to 6 weeks of healing and postoperative antibiotic therapy. If the tooth is symptomatic but there is no frank sign of purulence or infection, the surgeon may elect to attempt to use the attached bone as an autogenous graft.5 There are many reports about complication of the tooth extraction in the literature, but only a few cases are about maxillary tuberosity fractures. The purpose of this paper is to present a case of maxillary tuberosity large fracture during extraction of first maxillary molar tooth, because of high possibility in dental practice but being rare in literature.

CASE REPORT A 28-year-old Caucasian male was referred to our clinic by the patient��s general dental practitioner (GDP) after the practitioner attempted to extract the patient��s upper right first molar tooth with forceps. He was a healthy young man with no history of significant medical problems. In dental examination; the maxillary right first, second and third Brefeldin_A molars were elevated and mobile, so the patient was unable to close his mouth (Figure 1). An oroantral communication and bleeding from right nostril were present.

Further analysis revealed that preference regarding the dentist��

Further analysis revealed that preference regarding the dentist��s gender was dependent on the gender of the child. Boys strongly preferred to be treated by a male dentist while girls preferred to be treated by a female dentist. Table 2. The children��s perception of their dentists. Sixty-nine percent of selleck chem Erlotinib children preferred that their dentist wear some type of protective equipment. When shown a picture of a dentist wearing a mask, a picture of the same dentist wearing protective eye glasses, and a picture of the dentist wearing both the mask and the eyewear, 40% of the children picked the picture of the dentist wearing both pieces of protective gear as the dentist they would like to be treated by, while 12% chose the picture of the dentist wearing eye glasses and 17% of the children chose the picture of the dentist wearing the mask.

Children who had a previous dental visit experience were more likely to prefer that their dentist wear protective gear (32%) than those who had not attended a dental clinic (9%) and this difference was statistically significant (P<.05). Ninety percent of the children preferred their dentist wear a white coat instead of a colored one. This preference was significantly different (P<.005) between boys and girls, as more girls than boys preferred the colored coat (P<.005). Eighty-two percent of the children preferred that their male dentist wear the formal attire as opposed to having casual attire (Table 2). Children were also asked to indicate how their dentist smelled. Eighty-eight percent of the children reported that their dentist had a good smell.

When the children were asked to choose between pictures of an undecorated dental clinic and a decorated dental clinic as the clinic they would like to be treated in, 63% selected the decorated dental clinic. However, preference pertaining to clinic d��cor differed significantly (P<.05) between age groups as only 37% of respondents from the younger age group (9�C10 years) liked the decorated dental clinic compared to 15% of the older age group (10�C12 years). Children cited several causes of fear related to visits to the dentist��s office (Table 3). These fears were related to injection (74%), tooth extraction (31%), teeth drilling (27%), restorations (14%), and sight of dental instruments (12%). Table 3. Summary of the factors that cause anxiety during dental visit.

DISCUSSION This study revealed that children have strong perceptions and preferences regarding dental visits and dentists. The majority (63%) of the children in this study reported that they liked their visit to the dentist which is consistent with the results AV-951 of other studies that have examined children��s attitudes toward dental care.7,8 However, dental practitioners should be concerned by the fact that 11% of children in this study reported that they disliked their visit and another 12% reported that they were afraid of the dentist.