Control specimens selleckchem were fabricated using all nonengaging components. Specimens were attached to internally connected 3.5 (diameter) × 13 mm (length) implants, torqued to 32 Ncm, and embedded into epoxy resin. Specimens were tested in cyclic fatigue with a 2 Hz sine wave and 0.1 min/max load ratio. Load amplitude started at 1.8 N and increased by 1.8 N every 60 cycles until fracture. Log-rank statistic, ANOVA, Spearman’s correlation, and LIFETEST procedures were used to evaluate level of statistical significance within the results. Results: In the control group, the mean number of cycles to fracture was 31,205 ± 2639. Mean axial force at fracture was 932 ± 78 N.

In group A, these numbers were 38,160 ± 4292 and 1138 ± 128 N, and in group B, 31,810 ± 3408 and 949 ± 101 N. Statistical significance levels for number of cycles to fracture were: Control versus group A, p= 0.0117, and groups A versus B, p= 0.0156 (statistically significant). Control versus group B, p= 0.357 (not statistically significant). Log-rank statistic for the survival curves is greater than would be expected by chance; there was a BGJ398 in vivo statistically significant difference between survival curves (p= 0.012). The location and mode of

failure were noteworthy (always in the abutment screw). Conclusions: The position of the engaging component had significant effects on the results. Within the limitations of this investigation, it can be concluded that using an engaging abutment in a screw-retained fixed cantilevered FDP provides a mechanical advantage, and engaging the implant furthest from the cantilever when designing a screw-retained cantilever FDP increased resistance to fracture of the distal abutment screw. “
“The aim of this study was to evaluate the radiopacity of eight contemporary luting cements using direct digital radiography. Ten specimens, (5 mm diameter, 1 mm high) were prepared for each material tested (RelyX ARC, RelyX U100, RelyX Unicem, Nexus 2, Nexus 3, Metacem, Breeze, Adhesor zinc phosphate). The specimens were stored in a moist

chamber at 37°C until completely set, then radiographed using a Kodak digital sensor and an aluminum step wedge with variable thicknesses (1 to 13 mm in 1-mm increments) used for reference. A Kodak 2100 intraoral X-ray unit was operated at 60 kV, 7 mA, and 0.20 seconds. According to international 上海皓元医药股份有限公司 standards, the radiopacity of the specimens was compared with that of the aluminum step wedge using the equal-density area tool of the Kodak Dental Imaging software (ver. 6.7). Data were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey’s test. Adhesor zinc phosphate cement showed the highest radiopacity of all materials and dentin. Breeze showed the lowest radiopacity (p < 0.05). No significant difference in radiopacity was observed between dentin and RelyX ARC, Nexus 2, or Metacem (p > 0.05). The radiopacities of Nexus 3 and RelyX Unicem were significantly higher than those of other resin cements and dentin (p < 0.05).

ESD for residual/locally recurrent lesions has the potential ability to yield high-quality histopathological specimens, facilitating and optimizing further management decisions. ESD for epithelial colorectal tumors will progress further as techniques and devices are improved. We can expect ESD to be safely performed for residual/locally recurrent lesions in the near future. In conclusion, ESD may be a curative and efficacious therapy option for residual/locally recurrent lesions after endoscopic therapy. This approach LGK-974 should help to avoid surgical resection and frequent diagnostic examinations in many patients. “
“Background and Aim:  Endoscopic forceps biopsy (EFB) as the primary histological diagnosis of gastric

epithelial neoplasia (GEN) is debated in the era of endoscopic resection (ER). Our aim was to investigate the diagnostic reliability of EFB in patients with GEN compared with ER specimens as the reference standard for the final diagnosis in a large consecutive series. Methods:  This was a cross-sectional retrospective

study at a tertiary-referral 5-Fluoracil manufacturer center. A total of 354 consecutive patients with 397 GENs underwent ER (endoscopic mucosal resection or endoscopic submucosal dissection). Discrepancy rates between the histological results from EFB and ER specimens were assessed. Discrepancies that could affect patient outcome or clinical care were considered major. Results:  The overall histological discrepancy rate between EFB and ER specimens was 44.5% (95% confidence interval [CI], 39.7–49.5%) among the enrolled patients. The overall discrepancy rate was significantly higher in the intraepithelial neoplasia (IEN) group than in the carcinoma group (49.8% vs 25.6%, P < 0.001). The major discrepancy rate was also

significantly higher in the IEN group than in the carcinoma group (36.6% vs 7.0%, P < 0.001). In subgroup analysis of the IEN group, a major histological discrepancy rate of 33.6% (70/208) for low-grade and 42.7% (44/103) for high-grade IEN was found, respectively. Conclusions:  Endoscopic forceps biopsy was insufficient for a definitive diagnosis and therapeutic planning in patients with GEN. ER should MCE be considered as not only definitive treatment but also a procedure for a precise histological diagnosis for lesions initially assessed as GEN by forceps biopsy specimens. “
“Background and Aims:  The pathogenesis of enteropathy induced by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) is still unclear, and there are no established treatments. Interleukin-17A (IL-17A) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that has been associated with the development of chronic inflammatory diseases, including autoimmune diseases. To define the role of IL-17A in small intestinal injury and inflammation, we studied the effects of indomethacin administration in mice with targeted deletions of the IL-17A gene. Methods:  Male C57BL/6 (wild-type) and homozygous IL-17A-/- C57BL/6 mice were subjected to this study.

ESD for residual/locally recurrent lesions has the potential ability to yield high-quality histopathological specimens, facilitating and optimizing further management decisions. ESD for epithelial colorectal tumors will progress further as techniques and devices are improved. We can expect ESD to be safely performed for residual/locally recurrent lesions in the near future. In conclusion, ESD may be a curative and efficacious therapy option for residual/locally recurrent lesions after endoscopic therapy. This approach PF-02341066 research buy should help to avoid surgical resection and frequent diagnostic examinations in many patients. “
“Background and Aim:  Endoscopic forceps biopsy (EFB) as the primary histological diagnosis of gastric

epithelial neoplasia (GEN) is debated in the era of endoscopic resection (ER). Our aim was to investigate the diagnostic reliability of EFB in patients with GEN compared with ER specimens as the reference standard for the final diagnosis in a large consecutive series. Methods:  This was a cross-sectional retrospective

study at a tertiary-referral Selleckchem ZD1839 center. A total of 354 consecutive patients with 397 GENs underwent ER (endoscopic mucosal resection or endoscopic submucosal dissection). Discrepancy rates between the histological results from EFB and ER specimens were assessed. Discrepancies that could affect patient outcome or clinical care were considered major. Results:  The overall histological discrepancy rate between EFB and ER specimens was 44.5% (95% confidence interval [CI], 39.7–49.5%) among the enrolled patients. The overall discrepancy rate was significantly higher in the intraepithelial neoplasia (IEN) group than in the carcinoma group (49.8% vs 25.6%, P < 0.001). The major discrepancy rate was also

significantly higher in the IEN group than in the carcinoma group (36.6% vs 7.0%, P < 0.001). In subgroup analysis of the IEN group, a major histological discrepancy rate of 33.6% (70/208) for low-grade and 42.7% (44/103) for high-grade IEN was found, respectively. Conclusions:  Endoscopic forceps biopsy was insufficient for a definitive diagnosis and therapeutic planning in patients with GEN. ER should 上海皓元 be considered as not only definitive treatment but also a procedure for a precise histological diagnosis for lesions initially assessed as GEN by forceps biopsy specimens. “
“Background and Aims:  The pathogenesis of enteropathy induced by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) is still unclear, and there are no established treatments. Interleukin-17A (IL-17A) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that has been associated with the development of chronic inflammatory diseases, including autoimmune diseases. To define the role of IL-17A in small intestinal injury and inflammation, we studied the effects of indomethacin administration in mice with targeted deletions of the IL-17A gene. Methods:  Male C57BL/6 (wild-type) and homozygous IL-17A-/- C57BL/6 mice were subjected to this study.

The genera Cryptoglena and Monomorphina also formed a well-supported monophyletic clade. Euglena and the recently erected genus Euglenaria emerged as sister groups. However, Euglena proxima branched off at the base of the Euglenaceae. The Phacaceae clade was also a monophyletic group with high support values and subdivided into three clades, the Discoplastis, Phacus, and Lepocinclis

clades. The genus Discoplastis branched first, and then Phacus and Lepocinclis emerged as sister groups. These genera shared a common characteristic, numerous small discoid chloroplasts without pyrenoids. These results clearly separated the Phacaceae clade from the Euglenaceae clade. Therefore, we propose to limit the family Euglenaceae to the members of the Euglena clade and erect a new family, the Phacaceae, to house the genera Phacus, Lepocinclis, and Discoplastis. “
“Little LY2157299 manufacturer is known about the UV photobiology of psychrophilic dinoflagellates, particularly selleck compound in freshwater

systems. We addressed the life strategies of Borghiella dodgei Moestrup, Gert. Hansen et Daugbjerg to cope with ambient levels of ultraviolet radiation (UVR) under cold conditions. Several physiological parameters related to growth, metabolism, and UVR protection were determined for 4 d in UVR-exposed and control cells by applying stable isotope analysis, spectrophotometry, and liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC/MS). In UVR-exposed cells, assimilation of 15N and 13C and content of chl a and carotenoids, specifically diatoxanthin with respect to dinoxanthin and diadinoxanthin, were increased; furthermore, catalase activity showed a cyclic pattern with a strong increase after UVR exposure but a rapid return to preexposure levels. Both in UVR-exposed and control cells, no lipid peroxidation of galactolipids was observed. However, in UVR-exposed cells, content of galactolipids was higher

and linked to an increase in monogalactosyldiacylglycerols (MGDGs). We concluded that Borghiella’s adaptation to UVR depended on a general metabolic enhancement and efficient scavenging of oxygen radicals to mitigate and counteract damage. While Borghiella seemed to be well adapted to ambient UVR, the interactive effects of higher temperature MCE公司 and UVR on psychrophilic species in front of climate change merit further investigation. “
“The green macroalga Ulva L. is well known as having an alternation of isomorphic biphases: gametophyte and sporophyte. However, an examination of the temporal alternation in phase dominance has not been carried out. By inducing reproduction of thallus samples in the laboratory, this study reports the temporal changes in the two phases and sex ratios in a natural population of Ulva pertusa Kjellm. in the Seto Inland Sea, Japan, over a period of >3 years. The results showed that a temporal alternation in phase dominance occurred after 11–20 months; seasonal changes in phase dominance were not observed in the Ulva population.

BISAP is claimed to have 5 variables but on SIRS itself has 4 variables making BISAP score actually of 8 variables. POP score has FDA-approved Drug Library datasheet additional advantage

of predicitng hospital stay in survivors which indirectly predicts complicated course and morbidity. Key Word(s): 1. POP score; 2. BISAP; 3. APACHE II; 4. Ranson, s score; Presenting Author: RAVISHANKAR ASOKKUMAR Additional Authors: LIM KH TONY, LOW SC ALBERT, THNG CHOON HUA, OOI PJ LONDON, CHUNG YF ALEXANDER, ONG WAI CHOUNG, KONG SC CHRIS, STEVEN J MESENAS, NGKENG YEEN, TANMY DAMIEN Corresponding Author: RAVISHANKAR ASOKKUMAR, TANMY DAMIEN Affiliations: Singapore General Hospital Objective: Autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) is a unique form of chronic pancreatitis which is increasingly recognized. We reviewed the evaluation and management of AIP in a multi-ethnic population of Singapore. Methods: Records of 21 patients with AIP treated at Singapore General Hospital were reviewed. Information on demographics, clinical presentation, radiological and laboratory findings, extra-pancreatic involvement, steroid response and relapse were analysed. Results: The median age at presentation was 65 years. Of the 21 patients, 17 (80%) were Chinese, 2(10%) were Malay and 2 (10%) were Indian. The Trichostatin A solubility dmso common clinical presentation was jaundice, seen

in 20 (95%) patients followed by abdominal pain in 13 (62%) patients. Radiological imaging 上海皓元 showed a diffusely swollen pancreas in 10 (47%) cases while 8 (38%) presented with pancreatic mass. Serum IgG4 was elevated in 10 (47%) patients. Twelve (57%) patients had extra-pancreatic manifestations. These include 7 (58%) extra-pancreatic biliary stricture, 4 (33%) renal involvement, 3 (25%) lymphadenopathy, 2

(16%) salivary gland enlargement, 1 (8%) inflammatory bowel disease and 1(8%) retroperitoneal fibrosis. Surgery was done in 8 patients for suspected pancreatic cancer. The histology confirmed AIP. Steroid was initiated in 16 patients. Among the surgical patients, 3 received steroid. Radiological or biochemical improvement was seen in 15 patients. One lost follow up while on steroid. Relapse of AIP, either radiological or biochemical, was seen in 2 post-surgical patients and 5 (33%) patients with steroid dose reduction. Those who relapsed responded to azathioprine. Among the surgical cases, one was treated with azathioprine with a good response. Mayo clinic HiSORT criteria were fulfilled in 20 (95%) cases. Majority of the patients were AIP type 1 (95%) based on international consensus diagnostic criteria. Conclusion: This is the first largest case series from singapore and South East Asia. Our study highlights predominance of AIP among the Chinese compared to other races in our multi-ethnic population. Key Word(s): 1. AIP; 2. HiSORT criteria; 3. steroid response; 4.

The clustering of populations shown by the microsatellite data is distinctly different from the mtDNA phylogeny, with populations grouping by geographic proximity, possibly reflecting the genetic effects of secondary colonization. When the mtDNA sequence data are placed in a Europe-wide context, it is clear that

the distributions of the two prevalent clades from the vicinity selleck of the British Isles are essentially limited to north-western Europe. These two clades show no evidence of expansion through central Europe, and may therefore reflect maritime colonization. “
“Body size increases greatly during ontogeny in most animals and is often accompanied by dramatic shifts in foraging strategies and hence food resources. Orb-weaver spiders provide an interesting case, where a relatively homogeneous foraging strategy, aerial silk webs, is employed across all ontogenetic stages. Orb webs are spun soon after spiders emerge from the egg sac through growth of up to two orders of magnitude in body size. The sizes of prey targeted by the spiders are also likely to increase as spiders develop. Here, we examine how relative silk investment, web architecture, and the BTK inhibitor solubility dmso material properties of silk in

webs change during ontogeny in the orb-weaver Neoscona arabesca. We also quantify two emergent properties of web performance – prey stopping potential and stickiness. We find that silk investment increases isometrically with body size, with the exception of greater than expected glue production in larger spiders. Larger spiders spin larger webs, with smaller radii, but the increased volume of all silk types and greater toughness of the capture spiral silk result in the isometric scaling of stopping potential.

The strength and toughness of sticky capture spiral thread increases with diameter and hence 上海皓元 also with ontogeny, a size scaling pattern that mirrors an evolutionary pattern across spider species. Dragline thread material properties do not change over ontogeny. The improved material properties of capture spiral threads and the increased absolute stopping potential of webs are consistent with the hypothesis that rare, large prey items play a crucial role in spiders reaching adulthood and in maximizing fecundity of female orb-weaver spiders. “
“Populations of many wild ungulate species in Africa are in decline largely because of land-use changes and other human activities. Analyses that document these declines and advance our understanding of their underlying causes are fundamental to effective management and conservation of wild ungulates. We analyzed temporal trends in wildlife and livestock population abundances in the Mara region of Kenya. We found that wildlife populations in the Mara region declined progressively after 1977, with few exceptions.

No specific treatments have been identified other than removal of suspected causative agents. Rare patients have been treated by liver transplantation. The patient illustrated below was a 40-year-old man who was found to have liver abnormalities on CT and MRI scans. Two years earlier, he had been diagnosed with a large, primary

mediastinal seminoma and treated with successive courses of combination chemotherapy followed by surgical resection. A number of chemotherapeutic protocols had been used including bleomycin, etoposide and cisplatin; irinotecan, paclitaxel and oxaliplatin; and granulocyte colony stimulating factor, actinomycin-D, methotrexate and check details etoposide with further cisplatin. Follow-up CT scans had shown progressive cystic lesions in the spleen that resulted in splenectomy 12 months after completion of chemotherapy. At histology, there were multiple blood-filled cavities of variable size throughout the spleen, some with endothelial lining. Further follow-up using CT scans revealed new abnormalities in the liver, similar to those previously observed in the spleen (Figure 1). The remaining abdominal viscera appeared normal and there were no other features of recurrent disease. On MRI, the hepatic lesions demonstrated a high signal on T2-weighted images (Figure 2), a low signal on T1-weighted

images and no enhancement with intravenous gadolinium. The lesions were attributed to peliosis hepatis. Currently, he is asymptomatic with normal liver function tests. Contributed by “
“We read with interest the article by N’Kontchou Crizotinib manufacturer et al.1 concerning hepatocellular carcinoma treatment by radiofrequency ablation (RFA). They report an excellent series with impressive results in terms of both very low major complication and tract seeding rates as well as a considerable

long-term survival. Their complete response rate is 94.7%. However, this was assessed by radiological methods (magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography) and not by pathological examination. As a result, the true response rate could be lower. Our modest experience with 30 hepatocellular carcinoma nodules treated by RFA before liver transplant was recently published.2 medchemexpress We performed a pathological analysis of the explanted liver and found that only 14 nodules (46.7%) showed complete tumor destruction. In our study, the detection of RFA incomplete response by means of computed tomography scan had a 50% sensitivity and 100% specificity. The reported rates of complete pathological response in other works were variable but lower than those reported by N’Kontchou et al.: 20%,3 34.2%,4 37.5%,5 46.7%,6 55%,7 70.3%,8 and 75%.9 In these studies, as in ours, pathological examination was performed using hematoxylin-eosin stains.

As the present study comprised a retrospective review of cases, patient consent was required and the institutional review board approved the study protocols. AIP BTK inhibitor nmr was diagnosed using the diagnostic criteria of the Japan Pancreas

Society.17 All 26 patients with AIP showed diffuse or localized narrowing of the main pancreatic duct with or without swelling of the pancreas in imaging studies. All AIP patients showed bile duct involvement in these images. IgG4-SC without AIP (three patients) was diagnosed based on cholangiopancreatographic findings. The bile duct showed segmental strictures, long strictures with prestenotic dilation, and strictures of the distal common bile duct.10 No patients with IgG4-related sclerosing cholangitis showed characteristic pancreatographic findings and swelling of the pancreas like AIP without sclerosing AZD2014 purchase cholangitis. In addition, all patients, including both AIP and sclerosing cholangitis patients, had serological autoimmune abnormalities, such as hyper γ-globulinemia (8/29 cases, 28% of cases, mean 2.0 g/dL, range 1.3–6.1 g/dL), hyper IgG (18/29 cases, 62% of cases, mean 2250 mg/dL, range 1265–6160 mg/dL), hyper IgG4 (27/29 cases, 93% of cases, mean 549 mg/dL, 76–2970 mg/dL) or the presence of antinuclear antibodies (14/29 cases, 48% of cases). Two patients with normal levels of

serum IgG4 showed diffuse sausage-like enlargement and delayed enhancement pattern of the pancreas with a capsule-like low-density rim and smooth margin on computed tomography (CT) and the characteristic ERCP findings described

above. One of these patients had antinuclear antibodies, whereas the other had retroperitoneal fibrosis. Swelling of Vater’s ampulla was assessed using an endoscope in all patients according to previously reported criterion.18 The distribution of pancreatic swelling was also examined by CT. PSC was diagnosed based on cholangiographic findings. The bile ducts showed multifocal stricturing and beading MCE公司 on ERCP. Extrahepatic and intrahepatic bile ducts were involved in all of the examined cases. All patients underwent a liver needle biopsy. All biospies showed chronic cholangiopathic features, such as portal fibrosis, periductal fibrosis, portal inflammation, biliary epithelial damage, bile duct loss or accumulation of copper-binding protein in periportal hepatocytes. Only a few IgG4-positive plasma cells were present in portal tracts on IgG4 immunostaining. In terms of exclusion criteria, no patients had any medical history of biliary surgery, trauma or choledocholithiasis. Biliary malignancy has not been identified in any patients during the medical follow up until now. Two patients underwent liver transplantation, and explanted livers showed chronic duct destructive cholangitis consistent with PSC. The serum IgG4 concentrations were within the normal range for all six patients. The diagnosis of hepatobiliary carcinomas was made based on radiological and pathological findings.

Results: Of the 62 patients referred for EPCI, 41 (66.1%) completed the initial evaluation and 15 (24.2%) completed the 3-month evaluation. Patients initially presented with an average CES-D score of 19.1 and had an average of 4 out of 10 significant symptoms on the modified ESAS. After 3 months, patients’ CES-D depression scores were significantly reduced by 28.2% (19.1 vs 13.7, p=0.049). Approximately 37% of significant liver-specific symptoms had improved or resolved by 3 months with muscle cramps, pruritus, Cisplatin purchase sexual dysfunction and anxiety showing the greatest change (54.2% average resolution rate). Finally, after EPCI 100% of patients had

discussed advanced directives. Conclusion: Implementation of EPCI counteracts the progressive worsening of depression and symptom burden in end-stage liver disease patients awaiting liver transplant. A comparative study of EPCI with standard care versus standard care alone is justified. Disclosures: The following people have nothing to disclose: Alexandra J. Baumann, David Wheeler, Marva James, Arthur Siegel, Victor J. Navarro Aim: To identify patient, provider and systemic factors that are associated with the receipt and lack

of receipt of recommended CHB evaluation, management and treatment per AASLD 2007 guidelines. Methods: We conducted a retrospective study of 415 treatment-naïve CHB patients at a tertiary multi-specialty medical center in Northern California between 2006 and 2011. Patients were followed for two years. For each patient, we assessed minimal criteria for an initial evaluation (DNA level, ALT, HBV e antigen, abdominal IWR-1 cost US), follow-up care (ALT twice annually, DNA level twice annually, abdominal US every 6-12 months),

and initiation of treatment. We assessed whether gender, age, race, primary language, HBV e antigen status, type of medical insurance, city of residence and provider type were associated with receipt of recommended care. Results: Despite access to specialty care, only 16% of patients were referred to and evaluated by a hepatologist within a two year follow-up period. Patients evaluated by a hepatologist were more likely to receive recommended care and to initiate treatment (OR= 4.434; 95% CI: 1.633-11.934). Asian men over the age of 40, but not Asian women over the age of 50, were 上海皓元医药股份有限公司 more likely to receive routine HCC surveillance when seen by a hepatologist as compared to other providers (39% vs. 16%, p=0.01). Only 11% of Asian women over the age of 50 received routine HCC surveillance at least every 12 months across all provider types. Non-English speaking patients were less likely to have a clinical visit with their primary care provider (45% vs. 61%; p=0.01) and less likely to have received any HCC screening (41% vs. 72%; p=0.01). Patients over the age of 40 years were more likely to receive routine HCC surveillance (12% vs. 0%; p=0.00) and patients with a positive e antigen test were more likely to initiate treatment (18% vs. 2%, p=0.00).

Most species of macroalgae demonstrated noticeably higher instances of endophyte coverage, epiphytic diversity, and diatom colonization in consumer-free mesocosms than in the presence of amphipods. These data suggest that macroalgae along the western Antarctic Peninsula rely on grazers to control populations of potentially

harmful epiphytes. We hypothesize that the chemically defended macroalgal flora lives in mutualism with high densities of mesograzers, providing amphipods with shelter from predation while continually being cleaned of potentially harmful endo/epiphytes. “
“The photosynthetic euglenoid genus Phacus is commonly found in freshwater; it is characterized by a rigid to semi-rigid cell, usually flat with numerous small discoid chloroplasts without pyrenoids. To understand the phylogenetic relationships selleck kinase inhibitor among Phacus species, we used combined cytoplasmic

SSU and LSU rDNA and plastid-encoded SSU and LSU rDNA sequence data from 82 strains, including seven Lepocinclis, three Discoplastis, one Eutreptia, and two Eutreptiella strains, as well as morphological data. The combined molecular dataset was analyzed using Bayesian and maximum likelihood methods. The resulting tree revealed that the genus Phacus was not monophyletic and fully resolved the phylogenetic relationships among eight lineages that were congruent with unique morphological characters in each clade. Molecular phylogeny and detailed morphological data led to the descriptions of seven new species: P. brevisulca, P. claviformis, P. hordei-formis, P. longisulca, P. minimus, www.selleckchem.com/products/ABT-263.html P. paraorbicularis, and P. viridioryza. 上海皓元医药股份有限公司 The new species were well supported as independent species and formed close relationships with small Phacus species and P. orbicularis in the tree. In addition, the new species had unique molecular signatures and

showed high genetic diversity. Although the strains of P. orbicularis sensu Hübner were morphologically very similar, the phylogenetic analyses and genetic diversity suggested that P. orbicularis sensu Hübner should be divided into two subclades. “
“The photosynthetic euglenoid genus Cryptoglena is differentiated from other euglenoid genera by having a longitudinal sulcus, one chloroplast, two large trough-shaped paramylon plates positioned between the chloroplast and pellicle, and lack of metaboly. The genus contains only two species. To understand genetic diversity and taxonomy of Cryptoglena species, we analyzed molecular and morphological data from 25 strains. A combined data set of nuclear SSU and LSU and plastid SSU and LSU rRNA genes was analyzed using Bayesian, maximum likelihood, maximum parsimony, and distance (neighbor joining) methods. Although morphological data of all strains showed no significant species-specific pattern, molecular data segregated the taxa into five clades, two of which represented previously known species: C. skujae and C.