With further stratified the subjects by age and sex, and there was still no significant difference in HCV status between those with and without metabolic syndrome. Moreover, the stage of liver fibrosis represented by aspartate aminotransferase to platelet ratio index was also not correlated with metabolic syndrome in the subjects with HCV infection. Conclusions: Although PLX-4720 in vivo subjects

with HCV infection had higher fasting glucose levels and lower cholesterol and triglyceride levels compared to those without HCV infection, HCV infection was not associated with metabolic syndrome based on the current diagnostic criteria irrespective of age, gender and the stage of hepatic fibrosis. Disclosures: The following people have nothing to disclose: Chien-Wei Su, Yuan-Jen Wang, Keng-Hsin Lan, Teh-Ia Huo, Yi-Hsiang Huang, Kuei-Chuan Lee, Han-Chieh Lin, Fa-Yauh Lee, Jaw-Ching Wu, Shou-Dong Lee Background: Treatment of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in patients co-infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has been limited by poor efficacy and frequent medication side effects. Protease inhibitors (PI) such as boceprevir and telaprevir improve

treatment results in clinical trials, but outcomes in large community-based HIV/ HCV populations are unknown. Aim: To describe the real-world effectiveness of boceprevir- or telaprevir-based therapies in HIV/HCV co-infection.

Methods: We identified HIV/HCV co-infected patients in the Veterans Affairs (VA) health care system nationally who initiated pegylated interferon Barasertib solubility dmso (PEG) and ribavirin (Riba) with or without boceprevir or telaprevir from June 2011-November 2013 (n=134). Patients were followed until January 2014 to ascertain sustained virologic response (SVR). Results: Co-infected patients undergoing treatment had a mean age of 57.3 (SD 7) years and high baseline rates of comorbidities, including diabetes (18%), cirrhosis (28%), depression (54%), and alcohol use or dependence (40%). Few of any genotype (15-25%) completed more than 44 of 48 projected weeks. SVR was higher in genotype 1 patients receiving PI/PEG/Riba therapy (50.0% [95%CI 37-63]) versus PEG/Riba alone (33.3% [95%CI 20-47]) (Table 上海皓元 1). Patients with genotypes 2/3 treated with PEG/Riba (n=24) achieved an SVR of 41.7% (95% CI 20-63). In multivariate analysis, PI/Peg/Riba therapy was the only characteristic independently associated with SVR in genotype 1 (AOR 2.2, 95% CI 1.1-4.7) after adjustment for genotype-treatment, cirrhosis, baseline HCV viral load, diabetes, and AST-to-platelet ratio. Conclusions: Therapy including boceprevir or telaprevir leads to higher SVR rates versus PEG/Riba in HIV/HCV co-infected patients in clinical practice.

Methods: Eighty children with colonic polyps were studied from August

2011 to May 2014. Children with five or more juvenile polyps were defined as having juvenile polyposis and serial colonoscopic polypectomy were done every 4 wk. Colectomy was done only for intractable symptoms or when colonoscopic removal was not possible. Follow-up colonoscopy was done in juvenile polyposis only. Results: The mean age of these children was 8.23 ± 1.2 years, with male: female ratio 3.5:1. Rectal bleeding was the presenting symptom in 95% with a mean duration of 10 ± 2 months. Solitary polyps 80%, multiple polyps in 15%, and juvenile polyposis in 5% were seen. Mostly (95%) the polyps were juvenile and 90% were in rectosigmoid. Adenomatous changes were seen in none. Three children with juvenile polyposis achieved colonic clearance and one required colectomy. Recurrence was seen in 2 children with juvenile polyposis. Bleeding was the Dinaciclib concentration major complication occurred in 4 children and all were managed conservatively. Conclusion: Juvenile polyps are the most common colonic polyps in children Colonoscopic polypectomy is effective and safe. Surveillance colonoscopy is required

in juvenile polyposis only. Key Word(s): 1. juvenile polyps; 2. rectal polyps Presenting Author: ANSHU SRIVASTAVA Additional Authors: RISHI BOLIA, SURENDRER K YACHHA, UJJAL PODDAR, VIVEK A SARASWAT, SHEO KUMAR Corresponding Author: selleck inhibitor ANSHU SRIVASTAVA Affiliations: Sgpgims, Sgpgims, Sgpgims, Sgpgims, Sgpgims Objective: Our study evaluated the frequency, MCE clinical cherestistics and natural history of pseudocysts in children with acute

pancreatitis (AP). Methods: Children diagnosed and managed as AP were evaluated. Subjects with inadequate follow-up or recurrent AP were excluded. Results: 60 AP children (14 [1–18] y) were enrolled. 36 (60%) developed acute fluid collection (AFC), which resolved in 12 and progressed to pseudocyst in 24. On comparing children with or without pseudocyst (25 vs. 36 cases), there was no difference in age (14 [4–18] vs. 13 [1–16]y), etiology (idiopathic 66% vs. 47%, traumatic 25% vs. 22.2% and systemic complications (pulmonary [17% vs. 11%], renal [21% vs. 11%], shock [13% vs. 10%]) between two groups. 11/24 cases of AP with pseudocyst resolved spontaneously (size 6.4 [3–14.4] cm) over 110 (12–425) days and 13 required drainage. 11 were drained due to symptoms (gastric outlet obstruction [7], infection [2], pesristent pain [1], intracystic bleed [1]) and 2 due to size >6 cm and persistence >6 weeks. Symptomatic pseudocysts requiring drainage were larger (11 [8–60] vs. 6.4 [3–14.4] cm, p = 0.02) and secondary to traumatic AP (6/6 vs. 6/16 [idiopathic] p = 0.002) than asymptomatic pseudocysts resolving spontaneously. Percutaneous catheter drainage (PCD) was the primary drainage modality and successful in 7/12 cases.

Methods: Eighty children with colonic polyps were studied from August

2011 to May 2014. Children with five or more juvenile polyps were defined as having juvenile polyposis and serial colonoscopic polypectomy were done every 4 wk. Colectomy was done only for intractable symptoms or when colonoscopic removal was not possible. Follow-up colonoscopy was done in juvenile polyposis only. Results: The mean age of these children was 8.23 ± 1.2 years, with male: female ratio 3.5:1. Rectal bleeding was the presenting symptom in 95% with a mean duration of 10 ± 2 months. Solitary polyps 80%, multiple polyps in 15%, and juvenile polyposis in 5% were seen. Mostly (95%) the polyps were juvenile and 90% were in rectosigmoid. Adenomatous changes were seen in none. Three children with juvenile polyposis achieved colonic clearance and one required colectomy. Recurrence was seen in 2 children with juvenile polyposis. Bleeding was the Selleck Carfilzomib major complication occurred in 4 children and all were managed conservatively. Conclusion: Juvenile polyps are the most common colonic polyps in children Colonoscopic polypectomy is effective and safe. Surveillance colonoscopy is required

in juvenile polyposis only. Key Word(s): 1. juvenile polyps; 2. rectal polyps Presenting Author: ANSHU SRIVASTAVA Additional Authors: RISHI BOLIA, SURENDRER K YACHHA, UJJAL PODDAR, VIVEK A SARASWAT, SHEO KUMAR Corresponding Author: find more ANSHU SRIVASTAVA Affiliations: Sgpgims, Sgpgims, Sgpgims, Sgpgims, Sgpgims Objective: Our study evaluated the frequency, 上海皓元医药股份有限公司 clinical cherestistics and natural history of pseudocysts in children with acute

pancreatitis (AP). Methods: Children diagnosed and managed as AP were evaluated. Subjects with inadequate follow-up or recurrent AP were excluded. Results: 60 AP children (14 [1–18] y) were enrolled. 36 (60%) developed acute fluid collection (AFC), which resolved in 12 and progressed to pseudocyst in 24. On comparing children with or without pseudocyst (25 vs. 36 cases), there was no difference in age (14 [4–18] vs. 13 [1–16]y), etiology (idiopathic 66% vs. 47%, traumatic 25% vs. 22.2% and systemic complications (pulmonary [17% vs. 11%], renal [21% vs. 11%], shock [13% vs. 10%]) between two groups. 11/24 cases of AP with pseudocyst resolved spontaneously (size 6.4 [3–14.4] cm) over 110 (12–425) days and 13 required drainage. 11 were drained due to symptoms (gastric outlet obstruction [7], infection [2], pesristent pain [1], intracystic bleed [1]) and 2 due to size >6 cm and persistence >6 weeks. Symptomatic pseudocysts requiring drainage were larger (11 [8–60] vs. 6.4 [3–14.4] cm, p = 0.02) and secondary to traumatic AP (6/6 vs. 6/16 [idiopathic] p = 0.002) than asymptomatic pseudocysts resolving spontaneously. Percutaneous catheter drainage (PCD) was the primary drainage modality and successful in 7/12 cases.

Penguins and Subantarctic fur seals are relatively insensitive to killer whale predation owing to their large population sizes (10 000–100 000 s). Conversely, the smaller populations (100 – 1000 s) of Antarctic fur seals and southern elephant seals are sensitive to predation, particularly the latter, as they have a high energy content (c. 2000–9000 MJ). Populations of these seals are currently increasing or stable and we conclude that presently killer whale predation is not driving population declines, although they clearly have the potential

for the regulation of these smaller populations. Thus, if population sizes were reduced by bottom-up processes, if killer whale diet shifted or if prey availability changed, top-down predation by killer whales could become significant. By eliminating the possibility of some predation scenarios, we are DAPT better able to concentrate future efforts on plausible predation effects. www.selleckchem.com/products/pexidartinib-plx3397.html “
“Kin discrimination has often been investigated in

the context of cannibalism, where differential treatment of kin may entail inclusive fitness benefits if closely related conspecifics are spared during foraging. Competition between related individuals can greatly modify the fitness benefits of such behaviour, but its effect has rarely been tested. In this study, we investigated how two competition-related parameters, that is, the actor’s relatedness to the competitors of the recipient individual (rxe) and the general decrease in fitness among these competitors originating from the altruistic act (d) influence egg-cannibalism in smooth newts, a facultatively cannibalistic species. We found that only 29% of the observed 31 females performed cannibalistic attempts after fasting, when kin and non-kin eggs were offered for consumption. These individuals attacked their own eggs less frequently than other conspecific eggs when kin ratio among the offered eggs (parameter rxe) was low, but showed no discrimination when the ratio

of kin was high. On the other hand, the total number of eggs (as a proxy for parameter d) did not affect the females’ kin discriminative behaviour significantly. These results provide the first evidence for kin discrimination during egg-cannibalism in the smooth newt, and medchemexpress support the significance of kin competition for the evolution of altruism. “
“Evolutionary adaptations are required by common cuckoos Cuculus canorus to match host eggs. Hosts may discriminate against alien eggs; hence, accurate matching of the parasite egg to the hosts’ is essential. Egg shape is the least-studied component of egg mimicry, and it may also have other functions: an optimal egg shape is necessary for effective incubation. For this reason, cuckoo eggs may show a wide range of variations in shape to a set of host species.

Penguins and Subantarctic fur seals are relatively insensitive to killer whale predation owing to their large population sizes (10 000–100 000 s). Conversely, the smaller populations (100 – 1000 s) of Antarctic fur seals and southern elephant seals are sensitive to predation, particularly the latter, as they have a high energy content (c. 2000–9000 MJ). Populations of these seals are currently increasing or stable and we conclude that presently killer whale predation is not driving population declines, although they clearly have the potential

for the regulation of these smaller populations. Thus, if population sizes were reduced by bottom-up processes, if killer whale diet shifted or if prey availability changed, top-down predation by killer whales could become significant. By eliminating the possibility of some predation scenarios, we are Vismodegib better able to concentrate future efforts on plausible predation effects. XL184 mw “
“Kin discrimination has often been investigated in

the context of cannibalism, where differential treatment of kin may entail inclusive fitness benefits if closely related conspecifics are spared during foraging. Competition between related individuals can greatly modify the fitness benefits of such behaviour, but its effect has rarely been tested. In this study, we investigated how two competition-related parameters, that is, the actor’s relatedness to the competitors of the recipient individual (rxe) and the general decrease in fitness among these competitors originating from the altruistic act (d) influence egg-cannibalism in smooth newts, a facultatively cannibalistic species. We found that only 29% of the observed 31 females performed cannibalistic attempts after fasting, when kin and non-kin eggs were offered for consumption. These individuals attacked their own eggs less frequently than other conspecific eggs when kin ratio among the offered eggs (parameter rxe) was low, but showed no discrimination when the ratio

of kin was high. On the other hand, the total number of eggs (as a proxy for parameter d) did not affect the females’ kin discriminative behaviour significantly. These results provide the first evidence for kin discrimination during egg-cannibalism in the smooth newt, and medchemexpress support the significance of kin competition for the evolution of altruism. “
“Evolutionary adaptations are required by common cuckoos Cuculus canorus to match host eggs. Hosts may discriminate against alien eggs; hence, accurate matching of the parasite egg to the hosts’ is essential. Egg shape is the least-studied component of egg mimicry, and it may also have other functions: an optimal egg shape is necessary for effective incubation. For this reason, cuckoo eggs may show a wide range of variations in shape to a set of host species.

Penguins and Subantarctic fur seals are relatively insensitive to killer whale predation owing to their large population sizes (10 000–100 000 s). Conversely, the smaller populations (100 – 1000 s) of Antarctic fur seals and southern elephant seals are sensitive to predation, particularly the latter, as they have a high energy content (c. 2000–9000 MJ). Populations of these seals are currently increasing or stable and we conclude that presently killer whale predation is not driving population declines, although they clearly have the potential

for the regulation of these smaller populations. Thus, if population sizes were reduced by bottom-up processes, if killer whale diet shifted or if prey availability changed, top-down predation by killer whales could become significant. By eliminating the possibility of some predation scenarios, we are Wnt inhibitor better able to concentrate future efforts on plausible predation effects. c-Met inhibitor “
“Kin discrimination has often been investigated in

the context of cannibalism, where differential treatment of kin may entail inclusive fitness benefits if closely related conspecifics are spared during foraging. Competition between related individuals can greatly modify the fitness benefits of such behaviour, but its effect has rarely been tested. In this study, we investigated how two competition-related parameters, that is, the actor’s relatedness to the competitors of the recipient individual (rxe) and the general decrease in fitness among these competitors originating from the altruistic act (d) influence egg-cannibalism in smooth newts, a facultatively cannibalistic species. We found that only 29% of the observed 31 females performed cannibalistic attempts after fasting, when kin and non-kin eggs were offered for consumption. These individuals attacked their own eggs less frequently than other conspecific eggs when kin ratio among the offered eggs (parameter rxe) was low, but showed no discrimination when the ratio

of kin was high. On the other hand, the total number of eggs (as a proxy for parameter d) did not affect the females’ kin discriminative behaviour significantly. These results provide the first evidence for kin discrimination during egg-cannibalism in the smooth newt, and medchemexpress support the significance of kin competition for the evolution of altruism. “
“Evolutionary adaptations are required by common cuckoos Cuculus canorus to match host eggs. Hosts may discriminate against alien eggs; hence, accurate matching of the parasite egg to the hosts’ is essential. Egg shape is the least-studied component of egg mimicry, and it may also have other functions: an optimal egg shape is necessary for effective incubation. For this reason, cuckoo eggs may show a wide range of variations in shape to a set of host species.

The laboratory profile was predominantly that of anicteric cholestasis but with normal liver synthetic function and platelet count: alanine aminotransferase 40 ± 29 IU/L (normal range [NR] ≥ 40), aspartate aminotransferase 40 ± 23 IU/L (NR ≤ 35), gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase 142 ± 191 IU/L (NR ≤ 40), ALP 188 ± 126 IU/L (NR ≤ 110), bilirubin

12.7 ± 7.6 μmol/L (NR ≤ 22), INR 0.97 ± 0.12 (NR 0.80-1.20), Platelet 259 ± 96 × 109/L (NR 150-400), and immunoglobulin M 3.4 ± 2 g/L (NR 0.4-2.3). Hemoglobin, thyroid-stimulating hormone, or creatinine levels did not identify a metabolic basis for fatigue in any patient reviewed. The average disease duration was 7.2 ± 5.4 years (range, 0-21). At diagnosis, 301 patients (92%) were AMA-positive. At the time of the questionnaire, only 258 patients (79%) remained AMA-positive, as evaluated by AMA-M2 enzyme-linked immunosorbent

assay, in keeping with the reported fall of I-BET-762 manufacturer AMA titers on treatment.27 Baseline histological data were available for 291 patients (89%), with most of the patients (78%) diagnosed at an early stage of fibrosis. None of the patients with PBC included had decompensated liver disease, but 31 patients had a history of esophageal varices. The overwhelming majority of patients (n = 315, 96%) were treated with UDCA. Treatment response data28-30 were available across a total of 261 patients. Of the 327 patients, 323 patients (98.8%) successfully completed 上海皓元 the PBC-40 in full. Scores for all domains LY2835219 manufacturer were as follows: Symptoms domain 17.3 ± 4.7 (possible range, 7-3); Itch domain 4.1 ± 3.4 (possible range, 3-15); Fatigue domain 27.4 ± 11.2 (possible range, 11-55); Cognition domain 12.0 ± 5.8 (possible range, 6-30); Social and Emotional (S&E) domains 27.6 ± 11.6 (possible range, 13-65). The distributions of scores of the PBC-40 domains are as shown in Fig. 1. The most frequently seen status was none (54%) for Itch, mild for Symptoms (64%), Cognition (44%), Social and Emotional (72%), and Fatigue (50%). The scores observed in the current study are similar to, albeit numerically lower than, those previously reported from Newcastle,

UK (Table 2). There was as expected inter-domain correlation across the PBC-40 domains (Table 3), with the Fatigue domain scores showing close correlations with Symptoms, Cognition, and Social and Emotional domains score but less correlation with Itch scores. Although each domain of PBC-40 is not equally weighted, the total score similarly correlates strongly with each domain. However, the validity of a total PBC-40 score requires further evaluation. One hundred ninety-six patients completed the questionnaire for the second time, approximately 1 year later. Within the two PBC-40 domains Fatigue and Itch, there were no significant changes in the score reported, P > 0.05; in other words, the score was reproducible over time.

The laboratory profile was predominantly that of anicteric cholestasis but with normal liver synthetic function and platelet count: alanine aminotransferase 40 ± 29 IU/L (normal range [NR] ≥ 40), aspartate aminotransferase 40 ± 23 IU/L (NR ≤ 35), gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase 142 ± 191 IU/L (NR ≤ 40), ALP 188 ± 126 IU/L (NR ≤ 110), bilirubin

12.7 ± 7.6 μmol/L (NR ≤ 22), INR 0.97 ± 0.12 (NR 0.80-1.20), Platelet 259 ± 96 × 109/L (NR 150-400), and immunoglobulin M 3.4 ± 2 g/L (NR 0.4-2.3). Hemoglobin, thyroid-stimulating hormone, or creatinine levels did not identify a metabolic basis for fatigue in any patient reviewed. The average disease duration was 7.2 ± 5.4 years (range, 0-21). At diagnosis, 301 patients (92%) were AMA-positive. At the time of the questionnaire, only 258 patients (79%) remained AMA-positive, as evaluated by AMA-M2 enzyme-linked immunosorbent

assay, in keeping with the reported fall of Selleck AZD9291 AMA titers on treatment.27 Baseline histological data were available for 291 patients (89%), with most of the patients (78%) diagnosed at an early stage of fibrosis. None of the patients with PBC included had decompensated liver disease, but 31 patients had a history of esophageal varices. The overwhelming majority of patients (n = 315, 96%) were treated with UDCA. Treatment response data28-30 were available across a total of 261 patients. Of the 327 patients, 323 patients (98.8%) successfully completed 上海皓元医药股份有限公司 the PBC-40 in full. Scores for all domains find more were as follows: Symptoms domain 17.3 ± 4.7 (possible range, 7-3); Itch domain 4.1 ± 3.4 (possible range, 3-15); Fatigue domain 27.4 ± 11.2 (possible range, 11-55); Cognition domain 12.0 ± 5.8 (possible range, 6-30); Social and Emotional (S&E) domains 27.6 ± 11.6 (possible range, 13-65). The distributions of scores of the PBC-40 domains are as shown in Fig. 1. The most frequently seen status was none (54%) for Itch, mild for Symptoms (64%), Cognition (44%), Social and Emotional (72%), and Fatigue (50%). The scores observed in the current study are similar to, albeit numerically lower than, those previously reported from Newcastle,

UK (Table 2). There was as expected inter-domain correlation across the PBC-40 domains (Table 3), with the Fatigue domain scores showing close correlations with Symptoms, Cognition, and Social and Emotional domains score but less correlation with Itch scores. Although each domain of PBC-40 is not equally weighted, the total score similarly correlates strongly with each domain. However, the validity of a total PBC-40 score requires further evaluation. One hundred ninety-six patients completed the questionnaire for the second time, approximately 1 year later. Within the two PBC-40 domains Fatigue and Itch, there were no significant changes in the score reported, P > 0.05; in other words, the score was reproducible over time.

Therefore, we conducted an additional sensitivity analysis around this key parameter. As illustrated in Fig. 1, ICT screening plus RGFP966 lactulose treatment would remain cost-saving even if the reduction in crash rates were as small as 46%, rather than 78.3% as assumed in the base-case analysis. The results of the analyses for rifaximin therapy differed substantively from those for lactulose in two main respects (Table

5). First, the NPE rather than ICT was the most cost-effective of the four screening strategies, and second, none of the four screening strategies was cost-saving when paired with rifaximin treatment due to the high monthly cost of this treatment. The cost per crash prevented ranged from $111,760 click here for the NPE to more than $167,000 for presumptive treatment. We conducted a threshold analysis to determine by how much the monthly

cost of rifaximin would need to be reduced in order for screening plus rifaximin treatment to be cost-saving. This analysis indicated that ICT plus rifaximin would be cost-saving if rifaximin cost no more than $353 per month. Of note, at this cost, ICT was the most cost-effective of the four diagnostic strategies, as shown in Fig. 2. There are no current guidelines for the diagnosis or treatment of MHE in patients with cirrhosis, despite ample evidence that patients with MHE have a higher rate of motor vehicle crashes, poor quality of life (QOL), and increased progression to OHE.5 The results of the preceding analyses indicate that diagnosis of MHE followed by lactulose therapy could result in substantial societal MCE公司 cost savings by preventing MVAs among MHE patients. In contrast, because of its high monthly cost, treatment with rifaximin is unlikely to generate overall cost savings unless the rifaximin monthly cost is substantially reduced.28 The results also suggest that, when combined with lactulose treatment,

screening using the ICT or a standard test battery is more cost-effective than either presumptive treatment of all cirrhosis patients or conducting comprehensive NPE to detect MHE. We used NPE as the gold standard because it involves an evaluation of multiple dimensions including psychologist interview, detailed cognitive testing, mood, psychiatric, and substance abuse disorder assessments. This is usually performed as part of pretransplant evaluation and gives a deeper appreciation of factors that could confound the ultimate cognitive testing results. Before performing the ICT or SPT, this information is sought from the medical record or patient interview to exclude confounders. Therefore, this was used as the standard to which the smaller cognitive batteries are compared.

4). This discrepancy may be the result, Everolimus research buy in part, of the low expression of the listed genes, to sample variability, or to use of pooled samples for the DNA microarray. There were several novel findings in this study of the rat liver DC subsets. First, three DC subsets with distinct phenotypes were identified in rat liver nonparenchymal cells. The largest subset comprised CD172a+CD11b+ cells that were relatively radioresistant, compared to the other two

subsets found in liver tissues and lymph. Second, the CD172a+CD11b− DC subset migrated from the liver transplant through the blood to the recipient’s secondary lymphoid organs. This migration was completely inhibited in the Irr(+) group, and the intrahost T-cell response was also suppressed, except in the parathymic LNs, where a radioresistant CD172a+CD11b+ DC subset migrated through the lymphatics and formed clusters with proliferating

cells (shown schematically in Fig. 3E). Third, the intragraft CD8+ T-cell responses as well as the mean survival time were comparable between the Irr(+) and Irr(−) groups, and FoxP3+ regulatory T-cell responses in the spleen and graft were also similar between the two groups. Fourth, the radioresistant CD172a+CD11b+ DC subset persisted in the graft in the Irr(+) group and formed clusters with proliferating cells from the recipient. When isolated from the liver 上海皓元医药股份有限公司 or hepatic lymph, this subset showed very strong allostimulation activity in the mixed leukocyte reaction. The donor MHCIIhighCD103high selleck screening library cells were defined as the DC fraction. Although CD103low DCs are found in liver sections,9 we could not detect them in the low-density fraction of liver nonparenchymal cells by the method used here (Fig. 1A). We identified three subsets with distinct phenotypes in the liver tissues and lymph, as reported on previously in rat

intestinal and hepatic lymph.12 The CD172a+CD11b+ subset was the largest subset, and these cells were relatively radioresistant: After irradiation, ∼25% of these cells persisted in the liver and ∼13 % persisted in the lymph. In contrast, the CD172a+CD11b− and CD172a−CD11b+ subsets were more radiosensitive and were almost eliminated in the hepatic lymph after irradiation. Yrlid et al.12 reported that the CD172a+CD11b− subset was very small in untreated hepatic lymph. This might be the result of differences in FACS settings and especially in gating positive cells: Whereas Yrlid et al. analyzed the low-density fraction, we analyzed all lymph cells because the yield of DCs in lymph after irradiation was especially low. The blood-borne migrating DC population reported on previously6 was defined as a distinct radiosensitive DC subset. The DCs migrating to the skin LNs (Fig. 2A) and Peyer’s patches (not shown) were mostly MHCII+CD103+CD172a+CD11b−.