amazonicus) are consistent with the hypothesis that the two families are closely related and suggest that Astrodoradinae may occupy a basal position within Doradidae. Various authors have long recognized Auchenipteridae as the sister group of Doradidae (Pinna de, 1998, Sullivan et al., 2006 and Birindelli, 2010), and together Screening Library datasheet they form the superfamily Doradoidea. Auchenipteridae are inseminating (Meisner et al., 2000) and have highly modified sperm associated with their internal mode of fertilization. Descriptions of sperm

in Auchenipteridae are restricted to the genus Trachelyopterus and species T. lucenai ( Burns et al., 2002), T. galeatus ( Parreira et al., 2009), and T. striatulus ( Burns et al., 2009). The sperm of all three species are very similar to one another by having an elongated nucleus and peculiar midpiece. As auchenipterid sperm are highly modified,

they share with doradid sperm only a few characteristics such as the homogeneous and highly condensed pattern of chromatin condensation and single flagellum (Astrodoradinae excluded). Auchenipteridae also exhibits cystic spermatogenesis and Type I spermiogenesis ( Burns et al., 2009), conditions shared with several species of Doradidae. Early hypotheses of interfamilial relationships within Siluriformes proposed Ariidae as closely related to Doradidae (Royero, 1987, Mo, 1991, Lundberg, 1993 and Pinna de, 1998). Comparison of TGF-beta pathway PAK6 spermatozoa in the Doradidae analyzed herein and Ariidae (Burns et al., 2009: G. genidens) provide no compelling new evidence

for their close relationship. Spermatic characteristics in the ariid G. genidens are most similar to that of Astrodoradinae as both share semi-cystic spermatogenesis and sperm with highly condensed, homogenous chromatin, deep nuclear fossa, parallel centrioles, and two axonemes (but forming only one flagellum in Genidens vs. two in Astrodoradinae; flagellar fins lacking in both cases). Spermatic characteristics have been little used in the cladistic analysis of Teleostei. Available data show that the fine structure of the sperm in Ostariophysi is very conservative within genera and often similar among confamilial genera (see Burns et al., 2009 for review). Nevertheless, conspicuous intrafamilial differences are apparent among the doradids analyzed herein (Table 1) and may prove a rich source of characteristics for diagnosing particular taxa and subgroups within the family. More and more the suspicion that spermatic characteristics are phylogenetically informative has attracted the attention of systematists and spermatologists alike. Thus the co-occurrence of two axonemes (or of two flagella) and semi-cystic spermatogenesis in many families of Siluriformes is thought to be a correlated feature of sperm formation (Burns et al., 2009).

However, TH-IR cell counts are not statistically different in injected SNs of all treatment groups. At 2 months, TH-IR neuron numbers also are reduced (p≤0.001) in hSNCA-expressing SN (i.e. hSNCA: 8518±586, n=6, and hSNCA and NS: 6466±264, n=5) compared to respective control click here SN (hSNCA: 12,145±204, n=6, and hSNCA and NS: 12,254±262, n=5). SNCA gene silencing ameliorates this deficit in TH-IR neurons

because rats where hSNCA was silenced with mir30-SNCA have a less severe reduction (p≤0.05) in the number of TH-IR neurons in the injected SN (10,355±732, n=6) compared to the respective control SN (12,633±213), and this reduction is not significant in comparison to the control SNs from the hSNCA-expressing groups. Injection of AAV-hSNCA and AAV-NS exacerbates the deficit in TH-IR neurons in that SNs injected with AAV-hSNCA and AAV-NS have reduced TH-IR neurons compared to SNs injected with AAV-hSNCA and AAV-mir30-SNCA, as well as those injected with AAV-hSNCA alone (p≤0.05 compared to hSNCA, p≤0.001 compared INK 128 to hSNCA and mir30-SNCA; F5,28=28.90, p<0.0001). Note that although significant

differences were observed between treated SNs at 2 months, and not at 1 month, the pattern and magnitude of effects at 1 and 2 months are very similar and do not differ significantly between time points, which was verified by a lack of significant effect of time or interaction of time and treatment by 2-way ANOVA. To further examine effects of hSNCA expression and silencing on DA neurons in the SN, the ventral midbrain was dissected from rats injected with AAV-hSNCA, or AAV-hSNCA and either AAV-mir30-SNCA or AAV-NS silencing vector and endogenous rat DA phenotypic DNA Damage inhibitor markers were examined at the mRNA and protein levels (Fig. 5). TH mRNA levels (Fig. 5a) are reduced in ventral midbrain injected with either AAV-mir30-SNCA or AAV-NS silencing vector compared to AAV-hSNCA-injected or control ventral midbrain, and this reduction is greatest in ventral midbrain injected with AAV-hSNCA and AAV-NS, which have reduced TH mRNA levels compared to all control ventral midbrains (F5,24=15.66,

p<0.0001). Protein levels follow this same trend in that ventral midbrain injected with either AAV-mir30-SNCA or AAV-NS silencing vector exhibit reduced TH protein using a pan TH antibody (F5,24=6.148, p=0.0008; Fig. 5c), as well as Ser40 phosphorylated (P-Ser40) TH antibody ( Fig. 5d), an activated form of TH, compared to AAV-hSNCA-injected and control ventral midbrain. However, control ventral midbrains from rats that received either silencing vector also show reduced P-Ser40 TH protein expression (F5,24=8.421, p=0.0007). Interestingly, protein levels of vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2, Fig. 5e) are not significantly affected by treatment, suggesting that expression of TH is selectively affected by silencing vector in DA neurons.

The resulting estimate of global shark biomass (21.6 Mt) was used as a basis for estimating global exploitation rate. Two more independent estimates of exploitation rate were computed here. Published estimates of instantaneous fishing mortality (F) for assessed shark populations were extracted from the global RAM Legacy database of stock assessments [21] and other peer-reviewed sources. These estimates were converted to exploitation rates (U) as follows: equation(1) U=1−exp(−F),U=1−exp(−F),and then averaged across all populations. The second independent estimate of exploitation rate was derived by using the

published median estimate of total shark catches for the fin trade, or 1.7 Mt [9], and dividing this GSK126 in vivo by the total biomass estimate derived above. Note that this procedure is again conservative. It assumes www.selleckchem.com/products/icg-001.html that all shark mortality arises from the fin trade, and no extra mortality occurs. Finally, observed exploitation rates in individual fisheries were compared here against the intrinsic rebound potential of exploited shark populations. The rebound potential represents the maximum rate of increase (r) of a population given its life history characteristics (average annual fecundity of females, maturity age, maximum age, natural mortality rate), and hence its ability to withstand fishing

or recover from excessive fishing mortality under ideal environmental Protirelin conditions. Estimates of r for individual shark species were obtained from Smith et al. [22] or calculated using the methods outlined in Smith et al. for 62 shark species where adequate life history data existed. The proportion of shark populations where the realized rate of fishing mortality exceeded its rebound potential was calculated from these data. Those species where the exploitation rate exceeded the rebound rate were deemed at risk of further depletion and extinction. Each year, global landings of sharks and

other fisheries resource species are reported by fishing states to the FAO (Fig. 1). Since 1950, Chondrichthyes (sharks, rays, skates and chimaeras) have comprised between 1% and 2% of the total landings ( Fig. 1A, average proportion of 1.2%). Sharks made up about half of the total Chondrichthyes landings over that time frame ( Fig. 1B). Both shark and total Chondrichthyes landings have risen sharply from 1950s to the late 1990s, and have since declined slightly ( Fig. 1B). Over this time frame, shark landings have increased 3.4-fold from 120,677 t in 1950 to 414,345 t in 1997, and since then have declined by 7.5% to 383,236 t in 2010. By comparison, the reported landings of skates, rays, and chimaeras increased 3.6-fold over the same period, peaking at 556,470 t in 2003, but since declined by 26.5% to 353,549 t in 2010.

Stable isotope values are reported separately (Bentzen et al., companion paper). The research project, CONACYT-SALUD 2010-C01-140272 ABT-888 ic50 (also known as “Antioxidant response in breast milk to the presence of chemical contamination”), was approved by the Baja California Sur Chapter of the National Mexican Academy for Bioethics. Demographic and epidemiological data were collected through a survey. The questionnaire requested information on age, parity (1st, 2nd or 3 or more), body weight, and height. Weight and height were used to calculate the body mass index [BMI = weight (kg)/height squared (m2)]. General food consumption data covered 30 days prior

to hair sample collection. No information was obtained about meal portion

size, recipes, or preparation methods. Finfish and shellfish intake frequency data were grouped into four categories: not consumed; consumed once a month; consumed once every two weeks; and consumed more than twice a week. Information about tobacco smoke exposure was also requested and categorized as: smoker; passive exposure; and non-smoker. Informed consent Fulvestrant price was obtained from all participants. Hair samples were prepared for [THg] segmental analyses to assess potential temporal variability (analysis of multiple segments per hair sample). The proximal end (segment) of the samples was identified and marked with thread. Each hair sample was tied with white thread every 3-4 cm to prevent tangling during 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase washing. Samples were immersed in a 1% solution of Triton X-100® for 15 – 20 minutes to remove external contamination, then followed by an initial 10 minute immersion in ultra-pure water (NANOpure Model D4751, Barnstead International, Dubuque, Iowa); then a 5 minute immersion,

with 3 additional sequential immersions. Cleaned samples were placed in 4 oz polyethylene bags and freeze-dried for 48 hours. Each scalp hair specimen was subsampled in 3 locations (segments 3-4 cm long) along the length of the hair. Initial subsamples were 3 cm, but in some cases this did not result in sufficient sample mass for duplicate [THg] measurements. Consequently, sub-sample length was increased to 4 cm. Initially, sub-samples (3 cm) were cut from the proximal, middle, and distal segments of the intact hair samples. This resulted in three distinct periods of growth from each sample with the consistent proximal segment always representing recent hair growth (3 to 4 months). The growth time between the 2 distinct segments was variable depending on the initial length of the sample. Distal samples were occasionally of inadequate mass for replicate [THg] measurement as hair length was uneven. Most hair samples were at least 15 cm long, so subsequent segmental analysis included three 4-cm long segments starting at the proximal end, with 1 cm between each segment; thereby, incorporating the most recent 14 cm of hair growth (Fig. 1).

cruzi infection. Interestingly, recent data support the idea that the CNS inflammation induced by acute stress is neuroprotective, at least for anxiety ( Lewitus et al., 2008). In our experiments, C57BL/6 mice were refractory to T. cruzi-induced CNS inflammation, whereas C3H/He mice presented acute phase-restricted meningoencephalitis with enrichment in CD8+ T-cells and macrophages ( Silva et al., 1999 and Roffê et al., 2003). Accordingly, the selective trafficking

of inflammatory cells to the CNS may explain the differential responses of the resistant C3H/He mice and susceptible C57BL/6 mice to T. cruzi-induced locomotor/exploratory alteration that may indicate anxiety; however, further studies are needed to determine the mechanism of this difference. Studies conducted in patients with chronic BTK pathway inhibitors Chagas disease have revealed the presence of cephalea, confusion and depression (Jorg and Rovira, 1981, Mangone et al., 1994 and Marchi et al., 1998). These data led us to investigate T. cruzi-induced depressive-like behavior in C3H/He and C57BL/6 mouse models that reproduce important pathological aspects of Chagas disease ( Medeiros et al., 2009, Silva et al., 2010 and Silverio et al., 2012). Notably, our experiments showed that, when infected with a low inoculum of the type I Colombian strain, neither mouse lineage presented sickness-related behavior. Moreover,

ZD1839 research buy our results show that T. cruzi-infected C3H/He mice, which are susceptible to acute phase-restricted

CNS inflammation, exhibit depressive-like behavior during the acute and chronic phases of 3-oxoacyl-(acyl-carrier-protein) reductase infection. Therefore, this behavioral alteration was independent of active CNS inflammation, supporting the hypothesis that the chronic depressive-like behavior could be a long-term consequence of acute brain inflammation. However, T. cruzi-infected C57BL/6 mice, which are refractory to CNS inflammation, also displayed depressive-like behavior during the acute and chronic phases of infection. Thus, our findings suggest that T. cruzi-induced depression is independent of the active and previous trafficking of inflammatory cells to the CNS. Therefore, other biological mechanisms must explain the genesis of the chronic depression associated with T. cruzi infection. Given the genotypic and biological heterogeneity of T. cruzi strains ( Zingales et al., 2012), we attempted to clarify whether chronic depressive status was associated with the parasite strain infecting the host. Toward this end, we tested type I Colombian and type II Y T. cruzi strains, parasite prototypes that represent the strains most frequently found in nature ( Zingales et al., 2012). Infection with the type I Colombian strain led to acute (21, 30 dpi) and chronic (90, 120 and 150 dpi) depressive-like behavior in C3H/He mice. However, the enhanced immobility time due to infection with the type II Y T.

These effects were not reversed upon the end of RLX infusion. The oxygen consumption

and the 14CO2 production remained unaltered during the entire period of RLX infusion in the livers from both the CON and OVX rats. From the experiments performed in perfused livers it was evident that there was not significant differences between the CON and OVX rats in any of the measured metabolic fluxes derived from endogenous or exogenous fatty acids, and in the absence or in the presence of RLX. The subsequent experiments were performed in both CON and OVX conditions and again no significant see more differences were found. For this reason, only the experiments performed in OVX rats were shown. For mitochondrial β-fatty acid oxidation measurements the BGB324 fatty acids were utilised as acyl-CoA derivatives (octanoyl-CoA, palmitoyl-CoA) in the presence of l-carnitine. RLX was added to the incubation medium at final concentrations of 2.5, 10 and 25 μM. RLX inhibited β-oxidation in a dose-dependent manner when octanoyl-CoA was the substrate (Fig. 2A). The ID50 was 11.24 ± 2.38 μM.

With palmitoyl-CoA as a substrate (Fig. 2B), inhibition was observed only at the highest concentration (25 μM). The oxygen uptake due to NADH oxidation (NADH-oxidase) in mitochondria disrupted by freeze-thawing was not significantly modified (Fig. 2C). In the peroxisomes (panel A of Fig. 3), RLX inhibited the oxidation of palmitoyl-CoA and octanoyl-CoA. Palmitoyl-CoA Methocarbamol oxidation was reduced by 41% and 59%in the presence of 10 and 25 μM RLX, respectively. With octanoyl-CoA as substrate, the inhibition caused by 10 and 25 μM RLX in peroxisomes was 43% and 83%, respectively. The acyl-CoA oxidase

activities were lower in the mitochondria than in the peroxisomes (panels B of Fig. 3). RLX caused a strong inhibition in the oxidation of both substrates. With 25 μM RLX, the palmitoyl-CoA and octanoyl-CoA oxidation decreased by 84% and 93%, respectively. RLX possesses two phenolic groups in its structure (Snyder et al., 2000). Certain compounds containing phenol or polyphenol groups have been demonstrated to act as electron donors in the peroxidase-catalysed oxidation of H2O2 (Chan et al., 1999, Constantin and Bracht, 2008 and Galati et al., 2002). This reaction may produce phenoxyl radical derivatives that co-oxidise NADH, a reaction that can be easily followed spectroscopically. This electron-donating property was, thus, assayed for RLX. The data presented in Fig. 4 indicate that RLX was able to promote this NADH oxidation in the presence of peroxidase and catalytic amounts of H2O2 at a very low RLX concentration (0.25–2 μM). The results of the present study revealed that RLX affects fatty acid metabolism in the livers from both OVX and CON rats. The effects of RLX as well as the biochemical plasmatic parameters and the fatty acid oxidation in the livers from OVX rats were not significantly different from those of female rats in metestrus (CON rats).

1 nM–300 μM) were determined.

The role of NO in the relaxation induced by ACh was analyzed by incubating the KU-60019 vessels with NG-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, 100 μM, nonspecific NOS inhibitor) for 30 min before phenylephrine or KCl administration. The contribution of K+ channels to ACh-induced relaxation was assessed in aortas previously incubated for 30 min with the K+ channel blockers tetraethylammonium (TEA, 2 mM, nonselective blocker of K+ channels), 4-aminopyridine (4-AP, 5 mM, Kv blocker), iberiotoxin (IbTX, 30 nM, selective BKCa blocker), apamin (0.5 μM, selective blocker of small-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channels — SKCa) and charybdotoxin (ChTX, 0.1 μM, blocker of KCa and Kv). In some experiments, the concentration–response curves to sodium nitroprusside (SNP, 0.01 nM–0.3 μM) were performed TSA HDAC order in segments contracted with phenylephrine (1 μM). The role of the Kv and BKCa channels in the SNP-induced

relaxation was analyzed by incubating the vessels with 4-AP and IbTX, respectively, for 30 min before phenylephrine administration. The influence of the endothelium on the response to SNP in untreated and lead-treated rats was investigated after its mechanical removal, which was performed by rubbing the lumen with a needle. The absence of endothelium was confirmed by the inability of 10 μM acetylcholine (ACh) to produce relaxation. The functional activity of the Na±/K+-ATPase was measured in segments from untreated and lead-treated rats using K+-induced relaxation, as described by Weeb and Bohr (1978) and modified by Rossoni et al. (2002). After a 30-min equilibration period in normal Krebs, the preparations were incubated for 30 min in K+-free Krebs. The vessels were subsequently pre-contracted with

phenylephrine, and once a plateau was attained, the KCl concentration was increased stepwise (1, 2, 5 and 10 mM) with each step lasting for 2.5 min. After a washout period, the preparations were incubated Clomifene with 100 μM ouabain (OUA) for 30 min to inhibit sodium pump activity, and the K+-induced relaxation curve was repeated. To study the involvement of NO, inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and K+ channels in OUA-sensitive Na+K+-ATPase functional activity, the rings were incubated with L-NAME (100 μM), aminoguanidine (50 μM) and TEA (2 mM), respectively. Moreover, the influence of the endothelium was investigated, repeating the same protocols after its mechanical removal. The oxidative fluorescent dye dihydroethidium (DHE) was used to evaluate O2− production in situ, as previously described by Wiggers et al. (2008). Hydroethidine freely permeates cells and is oxidized in the presence of O2− to ethidium bromide, which is trapped by intercalation with DNA. Ethidium bromide is excited at 546 nm and has an emission spectrum of 610 nm.

To determine if this was the case, we carried out tissue extractions using CD3OD, instead of CH3OH, in the extraction solvent. To eliminate variations that may result when comparing tissues extracted from different individuals, the paired eyestalk tissues were removed from one lobster. One eyestalk ganglion was placed in extraction solvent containing CH3OH and the other in extraction solvent containing CD3OD. The samples were homogenized, sonicated, and centrifuged, and the supernatant was separated from the tissue pellet. The samples were dried and reconstituted for analysis by MALDI-FTMS. The MALDI-FT mass spectra for the

two eyestalk tissue extracts show that the Orc[1-11]-OMe-derived peaks at m/z 1270.57, 1253.54, 894.43, 876.42, and 537.28 for the eyestalk extracted with CH3OH ( Fig. 8A and B) have all shifted by 3 Da to m/z 1273.59, 1256.56, 897.45, 879.44, and 540.30, for the eyestalk extracted with CD3OD ( Fig. 8C and D). MALDI-FT mass buy Epigenetics Compound Library spectra and CID experiments carried out

on the Q-TOF also support our localization of the added methyl group at the C-terminus of the peptide. This localization is supported by the 3 Da mass shifts for the y8, y80, and y5 ion in the MALDI-FT mass spectra of eyestalks extracted with CD3OD (Fig. 8), which localizes the added methyl group to the C-terminal sequence, and by the 3 Da mass shift for y-type (but not b-type) ions produced in the GSI-IX mouse Q-TOF MS/MS analysis (Fig. 7C and D). The most diagnostic fragment is the y1 peak, which undergoes a 3 Da mass shift (from m/z = 90.06 to 93.07) for the CD3-labeled peptide ( Fig. 7D). This GNE-0877 fragment ion definitively localized the methyl addition to the C-terminus. These results document the incorporation of one CD3 group for Orc[1-11]-OMe

at the C-terminus and demonstrate that the methanolic extraction solvent is the source of the added methyl group. Acid-catalyzed esterifications have been recognized as the source of exogenous protein methylations that occur when methanol and acids are used, for example, in destaining SDS-PAGE gels [5], [17], [24] and [48]. In an early study by Haebel et al. [17], five test peptides were incubated in methanolic trichloroacetic acid (TCA) solutions (12.5:50:37.5, methanol:TCA:water) for 1–24 h to determine the propensity for methylation at different amino acid residues. The authors concluded that glutamate (E) undergoes the most rapid acid-catalyzed esterification, the C-terminus reacts with a rate that is lower by a factor of 2–6, and other groups (D, Q) are less reactive by at least a factor of 10 [17]. When acetic acid replaced TCA, methylation was not observed [17]. A direct chemical modification appeared to be unlikely as an explanation for the production of Orc[1-11]-OMe under our conditions, based upon the following observations and considering the work by Haebel et al. [17]. First, our data clearly show that methylation occurs, with 100% specificity, at the C-terminus.

Ambient temperature has a high impact on life history traits in hares as these animals live above-ground throughout the year ( Hackländer et al. 2002). Hence, reproductive traits should be affected by ambient temperatures resulting in a reduced reproduction in periods of higher energy demands (e.g. in cold winters or dry and hot summers), both for adults and young. Energy allocation to growth or reproduction should be flexible in hares according to current environmental conditions. Consequently, one could expect that European hares dwelling in areas of higher energy demands would have larger body sizes, larger fat

depots and a delayed first reproduction. To test this assumption we compared yearly reproductive output as well as age, body size, body weight and body SCH727965 condition of female European hares from Belgium Dorsomorphin ic50 (temperate oceanic climate) and Lower Austria (temperate continental climate). We sampled female European hares during regular autumnal hunts in November and December 2006 and 2007 in Belgium (Moerbeke and Sint-Laureins as well as Bulskamp) and Lower Austria (Zwerndorf, Lassee, Stripfing

and Baumgarten) which differ markedly in annual amplitude of temperature (Schuurmans 1995). This is indicated by the degree of continentality (after Gorczynski 1920). On the basis of more recent data (Belgium: 1961–1990, Lower Austria: 1971–2000) the continentality index for Belgium is K = 12 (climate data from Uccle, http://www.freemeteo.com) and for Lower Austria K = 26 (climate

data from Fuchsenbigl, http://www.zamg.ac.at). We determined the following variables: body weight to the nearest 1 g, dried eye-lens Oxalosuccinic acid weight (DLW) in mg following Suchentrunk et al. (1991), head-body-length (HBL) in cm following Zörner (1996) and an index of body condition, i.e. the retroperitoneal fat mass expressed in per cent body weight (RFI). As Belgian hares have generally lower HBL-values (see results) we used relative dried eye-lens weight (relDLW = DLW/HBL) as a crude index of age in adult females. To determine the yearly individual reproductive output we counted the total number of placental scars (PSN) after staining (Hackländer et al., 2001 and Bray et al., 2003). We excluded females whenever placental scar counts were ambiguous or when females did not reproduce at all (PSN = 0, see Smith et al. 2010). Moreover, we excluded subadult females (born in the year of the hunt), with DLW less than 270 mg (see Suchentrunk et al. 1991). All variables were normally distributed. General linear models were used to analyse the impact of study site on individual parameters mentioned above and to determine the impact of study site, body weight, RFI, HBL on PSN in reproductively active females, respectively. Although we sampled 158 adult hares in total, not all variables were available for each individual. Therefore sample sizes differ between tests and are given separately for each result. All tests were computed with SPSS 15.0 for Windows.

The initial workshop to generate the ideas for this paper took place in Brisbane, Australia, July 2012, with joint financial support from Institute for Water, Environment & Health, United Nations University (UNU-INWEH) and the Global Change Institute, University of Queensland. PFS thanks Lisa Benedetti, UNU-INWEH for help in planning and running the workshop, and helping with

the subsequent flow of communication among find more authors. “
“The continuing degradation of coral reefs around the world (Bruno and Selig, 2007, De’ath et al., 2012 and Gardner et al., 2003) has serious consequences for the provision of ecosystem goods and services to local and regional communities. While climate change is considered the most serious risk to coral reefs around the world, agricultural pollution threatens approximately 25% of the total global reef area (Burke, 2011) (Fig. 1). To ensure the future of coral reefs, the 2012 Consensus Statement on Climate Change and Coral Reefs has called for the immediate management of local anthropogenic pressures including reducing land-based pollution (12th International Coral Reef Symposium, 9–13 July 2012). Attempts are being made to reduce land-based pollution to coral reefs (Brodie et al., 2012 and Richmond

et al., 2007), however, these efforts are impeded by a current Dapagliflozin solubility dmso paucity of studies demonstrating whether improvements Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase to coral reef health are realized following watershed management. For the next 50 years, riverine fluxes of sediment, nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) to tropical coastal areas are projected to increase (Mackenzie et al., 2002). It is therefore timely to inform coral reef policy using insights gained from global cases that were successful in reducing agricultural pollution to coastal ecosystems. Here, we synthesize successful examples of reduced agricultural pollution that could be used as a model to improve coral reef

water quality, with the assumption that improved water quality will result in a concomitant improvement in ecological health of coral reefs. Previous reviews of the problem of coastal eutrophication (Boesch, 2002 and Cloern, 2001) do not include recent reports on reduced fluxes of sediment and nutrients at end-of-river (Chu et al., 2009, Duarte et al., 2009, GEF-UNDP, 2006, Pastuszak et al., 2012, Stålnacke et al., 2003 and Windolf et al., 2012), and associated declines in nutrient concentrations and algal biomass in receiving coastal waters (Carstensen et al., 2006, Duarte et al., 2009, Jurgensone et al., 2011 and Oguz and Velikova, 2010). Our review focuses on restoration of diffuse fluxes of freshwater, suspended sediment, and nutrients, while acknowledging the presence of other pollutants (e.g. pesticides, herbicides and heavy metals) and their potential impact on coral reef resilience (Van Dam et al., 2011).