Figure 1 Lap Pak (Seguro Surgical, Columbia, MD). Initial Experience With Lap Pak Five high-volume urologic oncology LDK378 surgeons affiliated with The Lahey Clinic (Burlington, MA), the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania (Philadelphia, PA) Vanderbilt University Medical Center (Nashville, TN), Cleveland Clinic (Celeveland,

OH), and the University of Chicago (Chicago, IL) agreed to test Lap Pak during radical cystectomies and urinary diversion. Prior to using the device, all surgeons had the opportunity to discuss its use with the engineer who developed the device. Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical The surgeons agreed to use the device on five cases. After completing the five cases, the surgeons were invited to complete a survey designed to capture several features of the device and its utility. Several of the surgeons completed the survey prior to a scheduled teleconference. Others completed the questionnaire

during the teleconference. The responses to the Lap Pak survey are summarized in Table 1. Table 1 Responses Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical to Lap Pak Survey The theoretical advantage of Lap Pak is to reduce the risk of retained foreign bodies (sponges, towels) Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical and to minimize trauma to the bowel secondary to abdominal packing with sponges or towels. One of the goals of the survey was to determine whether a group of experienced urologic oncology surgeons believed these were legitimate clinical opportunities of the device. Four (80%) of the surgeons evaluating the device thought that the potential for decreasing retained foreign bodies in the abdomen was a potential advantage of

Lap Pak and three surgeons (60%) indicated that decreasing trauma to the bowel was a legitimate Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical advantage. The three surgeons who expressed the opinion that Lap Pak offered the potential for decreasing trauma Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical to the bowel actually reported less bowel trauma associated with the use of Lap Pak. A second objective was to assess the performance of Lap Pak. Overall, three of the surgeons (60%) had an overall favorable impression of Lap Pak in terms of its performance during radical cystectomies. Two of the surgeons (40%) had a neutral impression of Lap Pak those and none of the surgeons expressed a negative impression. Three of the surgeons indicated they would use the current version of Lap Pak on all future abdominal cases that required abdominal packing. Overall, Lap Pak provided effective retraction of the abdominal contents in 75% of all cases investigated by the surgeons. The surgeons who did not have a favorable impression of Lap Pak used a Balfour retractor for exposure. It was also reported that the device was slightly more cumbersome to position in patients with very low and very high BMIs. The relationship between ease of use and BMI was not universally observed.

Due to their high prevalence, some have considered their coexistence as an incidental event, while others have

argued that acute appendicitis may cause the patient to be vulnerable to a traumatic event.4 In our case, visceral hypoperfusion and resultant increased IAP does not seem to have a pathophysiological role due to the absence of a significant volume loss. Appendiceal rupture after blunt abdominal trauma is also exceedingly rare. Whether appendiceal rupture occurs as a Cyclopamine order complication of advanced acute appendicitis or as a consequence of direct blunt abdominal trauma has yet to be fully clarified. In our case, concurrence of appendiceal rupture and acute appendicitis rendered it difficult to determine Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical which one was prior to the other. As we mentioned, the

patient had been asymptomatic before the trauma and there was no histopathological evidence Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical of advance acute appendicitis to be responsible for the subsequent appendiceal rupture. Furthermore, consideration of transaction as an antecedent event does not justify the pathologic report of inflammation because of trauma-induced vascular injury and tissue ischemia. Appendiceal rupture was first Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical reported in 1938 with a two-week history of pneumatic drill use resting on the right iliac fossa.8 In 1977, a 30-year-old man was reported to have developed acute abdominal pain two days after a blunt severe direct trauma to the abdomen. Surgical exploration revealed appendix avulsion from its distal three quarters with fibrinopurulent mucosa and surrounding bruising of the cecal wall. Consequently, appendectomy and caecostomy were performed. Nonetheless, the patient experienced a complicated postoperative Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical course due to the formation

of multiple subcutaneous parastomal abscesses and resultant septicemia.2 Reviewing the literature lists a few other such conditions.9-11 However, we found only one case of Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical bicycle handlebar injury presented by acute appendicitis. In the said case, the bicycle handlebar had injured the lower abdomen and symptoms started 2 days after the trauma with the diagnosis of perforated suppurative appendicitis in pathological examination.12 The appendiceal transection in our case is in fact a contrecoup injury due to the opposite primary side of the handlebar harmful contact, which was visible in the left part of the patient’s abdomen. It is also worthy of note that in the majority of the available reports, late presentation of symptoms features prominently. Furthermore, in a patient Parvulin with trauma, diagnosis of acute appendicitis is difficult and may cause delay in early management.13 It may contribute to more complex pathologic forms of acute appendicitis. In our case, rapid development of the symptoms and signs of generalized peritonitis hinted at chemical peritonitis, which was subsequently confirmed by our observations during exploratory laparotomy. Our early management precluded such further problems as fibrinopurulent peritonitis and its complications.

This review focuses on the use of iPSCs in cardiovascular medicine. The Promise of iPSCs for Cardiovascular Medicine: a Comparison to Other Stem Cell Sources A stem cell is defined by its capacity for both self renewal and directed differentiation. There are three broad categories of stem cells for application in regenerative medicine: iPSCs, embryonic stem cells (ESCs), and adult stem cells. The ESC is derived Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical from the inner cell mass of the fetal blastula and is pluripotent, i.e., it is able to

differentiate into any cell type of the adult body. ESCs can replicate via mitotic division while retaining their undifferentiated state (self-renewal) or differentiate into lineage-specific cells under the appropriate stimuli. ESCs

can theoretically be used to create any tissue in the body for the purpose of regenerative medicine. Indeed, clinical trials are currently underway using these cells. However, a cell lineage or tissue created using Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical ESCs will be immunologically distinct from the host, requiring immunosuppression. This concern may be partially addressed by creating banks of ESCs that would be matched for major histocompatibility Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical antigens to recipients. However, ethical concerns have been voiced in using ESCs because they are derived from early human embryos. By contrast, there are no such ethical concerns with the use of adult stem cells. These cells are multipotent rather than pluripotent; in other words, they partially lineage-committed, typically giving rise only to cells of a given germ layer. These multipotent cells are found in the bone marrow, the circulation, and within most tissues. Because they can be harvested from an individual and expanded ex vivo, they do not need to overcome an immunologic barrier. Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical Recent preclinical and clinical studies indicate that some common sources of stem cells—including hematopoietic stem cells, endothelial progenitor cells, cardiac stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells, or adipose stem cells—may reduce infarct size and improve cardiac contractile function in patients with find more myocardial infarction.1-3 Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical These beneficial effects are modest in humans and thought to be due largely to paracrine

effects of secreted factors from the adult stem cells rather than the incorporation of the cells into the affected tissue. In addition to the limited Oxygenase (if any) benefit of adult stem cell therapy, there are significant drawbacks compared to pluripotent stem cells such as ESCs or iPSCs. Adult stem cells are limited in their differentiation potential and replicative capacity; in other words, they can only give rise to a limited set of cells, and they have a limited number of population doublings before they senesce. Furthermore, in the case of autologous adult stem cells, the conditions that give rise to cardiovascular disease (e.g., hypercholesterolemia, aging, or tobacco exposure) are known to decrease their number and function.

2004). These cells also express nestin, which is not expressed by stellate astrocytes but is found on the majority of selleck chemicals neuronal progenitor cells in the adult brain (Mignone et al. 2004). After rodent SCI, injected radial glia can be neuroprotective and improve functional recovery (Hasegawa et al. 2005; Chang et al. 2009). Studies in optic nerve regeneration in young rats suggested that not only neonatal astrocytes but Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical also astrocyte-like glia in older rats improve and support axonal regeneration (Dyson et al. 1988; Harvey and Tan 1992); however, the cellular process that guides this regeneration remains unclear. In addition,

neuronal stem cells expressing transcription factor, such as Sox2, are also increased after SCI (Lee et al. 2012; Rodriguez-Jimnez et al. 2012). With the right factors, local and reactive astrocytes in the gray and white matter Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical may be turned into radial glia or neuronal progenitors that better support neurogenesis and regeneration. The application of fibroblast growth factor (Fgf)2 has been shown to promote functional recovery after brain injury (Dietrich et al. 1996; McDermott et al.

1997), stroke (Kawamata et al. 1996, 1997), or SCI (Lee et al. 1999; Rabchevsky et al. 1999; Yan et al. 2000). Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical In Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical SCI the recovery is thought to be due to Fgf promoting neuronal survival (Teng et al. 1998, 1999), angiogenesis (Kang et al. 2013), and causing a reduction in injury volume (Lee et al. 1999; Rabchevsky et al. 1999). Several therapies that claim regenerative effects after transplanting specific cells also contain a cocktail of factors including Fgf1 and Fgf2 (Meijs et al. 2004; Kuo et al. 2011; Guzen et al. 2012; Lu et al. 2012), and thus, the proregenerative capacity attributed to transplanted cells

may in fact partially Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical be due to the proregenerative effects of Fgf signaling. Furthermore, Fgf are currently in clinical trials in human patients with cervical SCI (Wu et al. 2008). Therefore, it is important to understand the cellular and molecular mechanism by which Fgf contributes to regeneration. We recently demonstrated that Fgf signaling plays a crucial L-NAME HCl role in glial cell differentiation and morphogenesis that is required for regeneration after SCI in zebrafish (Goldshmit et al. 2012). After SCI in adult zebrafish, radial glia in the central canal form bridges to support axonal regeneration through the lesion. Moreover, we and others have demonstrated that in zebrafish radial glia at the injury site generate new neurons during regeneration (Reimer et al. 2008; Hui et al. 2010; Kroehne et al. 2011).

203 More than 10% of patients receiving IFN-α manifest PSEs.120-122 Depressive states related to IFNs usually occur In the first weeks of treatment. They are more prevalent and severe In people who also suffered from depression before IFN treatment. Suicidal behavior Is an alleged side effect of IFN-α.123-127 IFN-α-related depression or suicidal behavior may continue after

Interruption of treatment.123,126 This feature has rarely been attributed to IFN-β.50,204 Since suicide attempts were described after withdrawal of IFN-α, even Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical without a depressive episode during the treatment, some authors123 advise psychiatric supervision ”even more frequently after interferon withdrawal.“ A randomized controlled EPZ5676 molecular weight trial121 found a favorable effect upon the prescription of a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) as prophylaxis of depression in patients

who are programmed to receive IFN-α. SSRIs are also useful for treatment of depression,128 once IFN-α is started. Paroxetine is the most studied,121,128 but other SSRIs, such as sertraline,129 citalopram,130 Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical fluoxetine,131 and fluvoxamine may also be effective. There is no consensus on whether SSRIs should be given as prophylaxis for all patients programmed to receive IFN-α or only to those who develop depression. Corticosteroids Corticosteroid Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical treatment may lead to many PSEs. The most frequent PSEs are depression, mania, anxiety, insomnia, delusions (paranoia or other themes), hallucinations, agitation, and confusional states. Rarer ones include serious heteroaggressivity, disturbances of consciousness, and depersonalization.3,95,205 Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical These PSEs can start after just 1 day of treatment. In more than half of patients, side effects usually remit after interruption of corticosteroids.206 However, side effects can also occur during Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical the withdrawal period, eg, anhedonla and fatigue may last several weeks.207,208 The risk of PSEs Is high: about 6% of patients manifest some PSEs. Prednisone Is the most Implicated corticosteroid, but PSEs were also described with methylprednlsolone, dexamethasone, and beclomethasone. A dose-response effect

is clearly seen with prednisone: doses greater than 40 mg/day are related to greater psychiatric morbidity. Moreover, hypoalbumlnemla leads to an Increase In plasma prednisone free fraction, potentially Increasing the amount of prednisone that reaches brain. Hence, hypoalbumlnemla might be associated with an Increase In PSE Incidence, but this has not been Endonuclease confirmed. Small neuroleptic doses can lead to a favorable response of corticosteroid PSEs in some days.94,206 Treatment with lithium may be helpful.94 Prophylaxis of corticosteroid PSEs with lithium96,98 or valproate99 has been described, but these approaches can be harmful to patients on corticosteroids who might not develop PSEs. Patients on corticosteroids should be monitored for psychiatric and cognitive side effects.

1,52,55,64-66 Many BDD patients (27% to 45%) pick at their skin in an attempt to improve perceived blemishes or imperfections; however, this behavior sometimes causes observable appearance defects and can even cause severe damage such as skin infections and rupture of blood vessels.67-69 Many other examples of compulsive behaviors exist, which are often idiosyncratic, such as drinking more than

3 gallons of water a day to make one’s face look fuller.1 Avoidance is a common behavior in BDD.70,71 Patients often avoid social situations since they fear being negatively judged by other people because they look “ugly.” They may not Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical take a job where they think they will be scrutinized by others. Avoidance may serve a similar purpose Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical as the compulsive behaviors in the short term – that is, to temporarily relieve BDD-related anxiety and distress. However, clinical experience indicates that compulsions and avoidance seldom improve anxiety or reduce the intensity of BDD-related thoughts; rather these behaviors may contribute to the chronicity and severity of BDD.1,72 Course of illness BDD Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical usually begins during adolescence, with two studies reporting a mean age at onset of 16 and a mode of 13.55,73 Retrospective

data indicate that BDD appears to usually have a chronic course, unless it is treated.52,55 In what is to our knowledge the Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical only prospective study of BDD’s

course, it was found that the probability of full remission from BDD over 1 year of follow-up was only .09, which is lower than has been reported for mood disorders, most anxiety disorders, and personality see more disorders in other longitudinal studies.74 More severe BDD symptoms at intake, longer duration of BDD, and the presence of Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical one or more comorbid personality disorders at intake predicted a lower likelihood of remission from BDD.75 Psychosocial functioning and quality of life BDD is associated with substantial impairment Phosphatidylinositol diacylglycerol-lyase in psychosocial functioning and markedly poor quality of life. In a sample of 200 individuals with BDD (n=200), 36% did not work for at least one week in the past month because of psych opathology, and 11% had permanently dropped out of school because of BDD symptoms.54 Individuals with BDD have, on average, much poorer mental health, emotional well-being, social functioning, and overall quality of life than the general population, and scores on quality of life measures are poorer than for patients with diabetes or clinical depression.76,77 In the only prospective study of BDD, overall functioning continued to be poor over 1 to 3 years, and poorer functioning was predicted by more severe BDD and greater delusionality of BDD beliefs at intake.

The CD-paired P0 groups did, however, at gap distances where the animal

had to rely more on their whiskers, make more attempts compared with control animals which could indicate an increased exploratory activity similar to that seen by depriving all the whiskers (Lee et al. 2009). Noteworthy is, however, that the P0 animals show the increased activity at a distance where the importance of whiskers Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical is higher; thus, it is an increased motor activity that is tactile dependent initiated by increased requirements on sensory processing in the somatosensory cortex. The structural arrangement of the whisker in rows and arcs makes it possible to alter sensory experience in many different Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical ways (Ebner and Armstrong-James 2005; Feldman and Brecht 2005). In general, it appears that the effects of removing all whiskers are quite different from removing only a selected few

where neighboring barrel columns receive unequal amounts of sensory input (Diamond et al. 1993; Finnerty et al. 1999; Finnerty and Connors 2000; Ebner and Armstrong-James 2005; Wallace and Sakmann 2008; Krieger 2009). These differences in cellular effects caused by different deprivation protocols are apparently also manifested as differences Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical in behavior. Explaining the altered behavior in terms of the underlying neuronal circuits The difference in species (rat or mouse), deprivation protocol (removing all whiskers or only a selected number of rows), duration of deprivation (days or weeks), and other factors complicate a direct comparison between studies Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical of behavior, anatomy, and physiology, which would be necessary to explain the observed behavioral effects in terms of the underlying mechanisms. Our main assumption is that in the P0 group we Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical have interfered with the normal formation of thalamocortical synapses and the preferential spread of intracortical axons

along a row (Keller and Carlson 1999). The abnormal formation of thalamocortical projections could result in inadequate sensory gating which is manifested as hyperactivity and attention FK228 mouse deficits (reviewed in Cascio 2010). In the experimental paradigm reported in this study, the abnormal formation of thalamocortical why projections is manifested as an increased whisker-mediated motor behavior (increased number of attempts with on average shorter duration; Fig 3). The rewiring of the thalamocortical projections, which is evident from the changes in barrels size (Fig. 1), could thus result in an increased cortical representation of the spared whisker and in addition a decrease in the surround inhibition (Kelly et al. 1999) from sensory deprived neighboring relatively smaller barrels (Fig. 1C), these effects could contribute to an over excitation manifested in an increased behavioral activity. Acknowledgments We thank Tansu Celikel for comments on an earlier version of the manuscript. Author contributions: L. B. and S. P.

However, if the rats were divided into cognitively impaired and not impaired groups, using the value of 2 standard deviations from the mean performance of the 3-month-old rats as the criterion, 8% of the rats were already cognitively impaired at 12 months and 45% at 18 months of age.16 Similarly, 50% of female Dark Agouti rats already showed a learning deficit at 14 months of age, using a complex maze task, and 71% of

the rats were impaired at 26 months of age.17 However, dividing the rats into cognitively impaired and not impaired groups was too strict a criterion to learn more identify MCI rats, which presumably fall into the not impaired group. More subtle criteria are therefore needed. Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical For instance, by testing Fischer-344 male rats in the Morris water maze, Lindner et al18 were able to detect a difference in performance, evaluated as distance swam, between 2- and 16-month-old rats and observed

that Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical the aging rats had more impairment in the reference memory task, which was tested by keeping the target location in the Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical same place, but using a longer intertrial interval than in the working memory task, in which the target location was changed, but the intertrial interval was short. Increasing the retention time, ie, the interval between acquisition and testing, is a simple and effective procedure for unmasking memory deficits in aging rats. In a non-matching-to-sample task, 15- and 24-month-old Sprague-Dawley rats did not

show any deficit if the delay between the sample and choice responses was 0 s, but an impairment was revealed when variable 0 to 24 s delay intervals were introduced.19 By increasing the delay, memory impairment was detected in 17-month-old rats performing a delayed alternation task.20 Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical Fourteen months is also the age at which a decline in memory ability, tested by an allocentric place determination task in a water maze,21 was detected in Fisher-344 rats, individually followed throughout their life, as a decrease in accuracy. The decline progressed with age Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical and could be reversed by inhibiting cholinesterase with physostigmine at the age of 22 to 23 months, but not at 26 to 27 months. An improvement in spatial learning was reported in navigation in a water maze, evaluated as time required to reach the platform, in 20-month-old Lister hooded rats receiving before 40 to 80 mg/day aspirin in their drinking water.22 The above data, some of which are also presented in Table II for an easier comparison, make it possible to answer the question regarding the age at which cognitive impairment can be detected in the rat. It appears that the possibility of detecting an initial cognitive impairment in animals, mimicking MCI in humans, depends on many factors: the task that the animals are trained to acquire, the procedure used to train them to meet the criterion, the strain, and, most importantly, the interval between acquisition and recall.

The conflict effect in error rate can be predicted by the conflict-related ACC activation (r = 0.56, F(1, 22) = 9.81, P < 0.01). To examine whether the relation of conflict-related ACC activity and error rate between groups were parallel, the conflict effect in error rate was regressed on ACC activation, group, and ACC activation-by-group variables. The interaction term was significant (t = −3.16, P < 0.01), indicating that the slopes were not parallel. Further examination of the

relation between conflict-related ACC activity and error rate by group showed a significant correlation in the ASD group (r = −0.66, F(1, 10) = 7.80, P < 0.05), but not in the HC group (r = 0.26, F < 1). These results suggest that an increased cost of conflict (in error rate) Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical is correlated with decreases in ACC activation in the ASD group, but no significant relation in the HC group (see Fig. 4E). Similar to error rate, the conflict effect in RT can be predicted by conflict-related ACC activation (r = −0.46, F(1, 22) = 6.04, P < 0.05) in both groups. More efficient conflict processing (less increase in RT under Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical the incongruent condition compared with the congruent condition) was related to greater ACC activation. The interaction term in a model testing the parallelism of the two slopes with conflict-related ACC activation, group, and conflict-related

ACC activation-by-group interaction as predictors showed that Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical the interaction term was not significant (t = −0.23, P > 0.05). This indicates that the conflict-related ACC activation does

not differentially predict the conflict effect in RT Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical between groups (see Fig. 4F). ACC activity was related to the conflict effect measured by RT in both groups. The relation between functional activation during the conflict processing of the ROI, which was identified by group difference, the behavioral effect of conflict, and ADI-R subscores in ASD group was also examined. Results indicate that the www.selleckchem.com/products/azd2014.html communication and language domain Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical was significantly correlated with the efficiency (measured as accuracy) during conflict processing (Fig. 5). That is, domain symptoms in communication and language are related to less efficient conflict processing. Figure 5 Symptom-executive control association. More symptoms of communication/language are related to greater cost on accuracy in conflict processing. Discussion Our results indicate MTMR9 significant behavioral deficits of the alerting and executive attentional networks in ASD relative to HC, but not the orienting network or network interactions. Behavioral deficits were associated with abnormalities in the neural networks supporting attentional functions. Even in the absence of behavioral differences among the orienting network and network interactions, neural differences were present. Individuals with ASD made more errors if there was no alerting cue preceding the target. This alerting deficit was associated with abnormal activation of MFG and caudate nucleus in ASD.

MRI assessment

of brain abnormalities in PTSD and trauma spectrum disorders Findings of smaller hippocampal Thiazovivin mouse volume appear to be associated with a range of trauma related psychiatric disorders, as long as there is the presence of psychological trauma. We have used MRI to show smaller hippocampal volume in PTSD,144,145,149,196 depression,197 depression with early abuse,198 borderline personality disorder (BPD) with early abuse,199 and Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) with early abuse.200 The greatest magnitude of difference was seen in the Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical DID patients, who had unusually severe early childhood sexual abuse histories. We did not find changes in hippocampal volume in patients with panic disorder without a history of abuse (suggesting that findings are not generalized to other anxiety disorders).201 We found smaller amygdala volume in BPD with early abuse199 and increased amygdala volume in depression.197,202 Patients with depression had smaller orbitofrontal cortex volume with Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical no changes in anterior cingulate (BA 32) or medial prefrontal cortex (BA 25).203 More recently, we found smaller

anterior cingulate volume in women with abuse and PTSD relative to controls.204 Neural circuits in women with abuse and PTSD We have used PET to study neural circuits of traumarelated Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical disorders in women with early abuse and a variety of trauma spectrum mental disorders. Initially we studied women with abuse and PTSD.54,205-208 We initially measured brain activation with a paragraph-encoding task in conjunction with Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical PET 0-15 water measurement of brain blood flow. Women with abuse and PTSD showed a failure of hippocampal activation during the memory task relative to controls.149 Women with abuse and PTSD

Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical in this study also had smaller hippocampal volume measured with MRI relative to both women with abuse without PTSD and nonabused non-PTSD women. The failure of hippocampal activation was significant after controlling unless differences in hippocampal volume as well as accuracy of encoding. In another study we measured neural correlates of exposure to a personalized script of childhood sexual abuse. Women with abuse and PTSD showed a failure of medial prefrontal and hippocampal activation relative to abused women without PTSD.176 Women with abuse and PTSD also showed a failure of medial prefrontal and hippocampal function during recall of paired word associates with traumaticemotional content (eg, “rape-mutilate”),188 and decreased medial prefrontal function during an emotional Stroop task with trauma-content words.209 Other studies showed a failure of medial prefrontal activation in women with BPD and early abuse during an abandonment script.