(C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“A 13-amino acid peptide named neuronostatin (NST) encoded
in the somatostatin pro-hormone has been recently reported. It is produced throughout the Etomoxir in vivo body, particularly in brain areas that have significant actions over the metabolic and autonomic regulation. The present study was performed in order to elucidate the functional role of NST on memory, anxiety-like behavior and food intake and the hippocampal participation in these effects. When the peptide was intra-hippocampally administered at 3.0 nmol/mu l, it impaired memory retention in both, object recognition and step-down test. Also, this dose blocked the hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP) generation. When NST was intra-hippocampally administered at 0.3 nmol/mu l and 3.0 nmol/mu l, anxiolytic effects were observed. Also, the administration
in the third ventricle at the higher dose (3.0 nmol/mu l) induced similar effects, and both doses reduced food intake. The main result of the present study is the relevance of the hippocampal formation in the behavioral effects induced by NST, and these effects Pitavastatin nmr could be associated to a reduced hippocampal synaptic plasticity. (C) 2011 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“The four-year oscillations of the number of spawning sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) that return to their native stream within the Fraser River basin in Canada are a striking example of population oscillations. The period of the oscillation corresponds to the dominant generation time of these fish. Various-not fully convincing-explanations for these oscillations have been proposed, including stochastic influences, depensatory fishing, or genetic effects. Here, we show that the oscillations can be explained as an attractor of the population dynamics, resulting from a strong resonance near a Neimark Sacker bifurcation. This explains not only the long-term persistence of these oscillations, but also reproduces correctly the empirical sequence of salmon abundance within one period of the oscillations.
Furthermore, it explains the observation that these oscillations occur only in sockeye stocks originating from large oligotrophic lakes, and that they are usually not observed in salmon species that have a longer generation buy Carfilzomib time. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Chemokines are chemotactic cytokines that regulate cell migration and are thought to play an important role in a broad range of inflammatory diseases. The availability of chemokine receptor blockers makes them an important therapeutic target. In vitro, chemokines are shown to modulate neurotransmission. However, it is not very clear if chemokines play a role in behavior and cognition. Here we evaluated the role of CC chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) in various behavioral tasks in mice using Wt (Ccr5(+/+)) and Ccr5-null (Ccr5(-/-)) mice. Ccr5(-/-) mice showed enhanced social recognition.