In conclusion, we provide further evidence for prostate

cancer tumor heterogeneity with the identification of multiple concurrent gene rearrangements. Laboratory Investigation (2011) 91, 404-412; doi: 10.1038/labinvest.2010.179; published online 25 October 2010″
“1,2-diacylglycerol lipase alpha (DAGL alpha) this website is responsible for the biosynthesis and release of 2-arachidonoyl-glycerol (2-AG), the most abundant endocannabinoid in the brain. Although its expression has been detected in discrete regions, we showed here an integrated description of the distribution of DAGL alpha mRNA and protein in the rat forebrain using in situ hybridization histochemistry and immunohistochemistry. As novelty, we described the distribution of DAGL alpha protein expression in the olfactory system, the rostral migratory stream, neocortex, septum, thalamus, and hypothalamus. Similar DAGL alpha immunostaining pattern was also found in the brain of wild-type, but not of DAGL alpha knockout mice. lmmunohistochemical data were correlated by the identification of DAGL alpha mRNA

expression, for instance, in the somata of specific cells in olfactory structures, rostral migratory stream and neocortex, selleck inhibitor cells in some septal-basal-amygdaloid areas and the medial habenula, and magnocellular cells of the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus. This widespread neuronal distribution of DAGL alpha is consistent with multiple roles for endocannabinoids in synaptic plasticity, including presynaptic inhibition of neurotransmitter release. We discuss our comparative analysis of the forebrain expression patterns of DAGL alpha and other Ceramide glucosyltransferase components of the endocannabinoid signaling system, including the CB1 receptor, monoacylglyceride lipase (MAGL), and fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), providing some insight into the potential physiological and behavioral roles of this system. (C) 2011 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All

rights reserved.”
“The development of proliferative podocytopathies has been linked to ligation of tumor necrosis factor receptor 2 (TNFR2) expressed on the renal parenchyma; however, the TNFR2-positive cells within the kidney responsible for podocyte injury are unknown. We detected de novo expression of TNFR2 on podocytes before hyperplastic injury in crescentic glomerulonephritis of mice with nephrotoxic nephritis, and in collapsing glomerulopathy of Tg26(HIV/nl) mice, kd/kd mice, and human beings. We further found that serum levels of soluble TNF-alpha and TNFR2 correlated significantly with renal injury in Tg26(HIV/nl) mice. Thus, we asked whether ligand binding of TNFR2 on podocytes ex vivo precipitates the characteristic proliferative and pro-inflammatory diseased podocyte phenotypes. Soluble TNF-alpha activated NF-kappa B and dose-dependently induced podocyte proliferation, marked by the expression of the podocyte G(1) cyclin and NF-kappa B target gene, cyclin D1.