The number of expressed MTases in H. pylori strains was high, as reported [18, 26, 27, 29, 30], with a total average of 15.8 ± 2.2, (range 9-20), among 27 tested REases (isoschizomers excluded). Selection of methyltransferases with non-random geographic distribution A chi-square independence test was used to select the independent variables to be applied in the logistic regression models (Additional file 2: Table S3). Ten MTases were associated with the geographic origin of the strains analysed. A significant result was determined by the

analysis of standardized residuals (std. residual) for all MTases presenting a geographic association, except M. MspI and M. TaqI (Table 1). A Fischer test was applied and all significant MLN2238 mw associations were confirmed (Additional file 2: Table S4). Table 1 MTases presenting a statistical significant BI 2536 ic50 association selleck chemicals llc with isolates of distinct geographic origin (Chi-square test). MTase Recognition sequence * Chi-square higher smaller Std.     (p value) expression in isolates from Residual M. AseI ATTAAT 0.031 — Africa 2.13 M. FokI GGATG 0.001 America Asia — 2.77 2.55 M. MspI CCGG 0.036 — –   M. Hpy188I TCNGA 0.002 America — 2.05 M. Hpy99I CGWCG 0.025 America — 2.29 M. HpyCH4III CANGT <0.001 Africa America -- -1.99 -2.21 M. DraI TTTAAA

<0.001 Asia -- 5.36 M. BstUI CGCG 0.006 Asia -- 2.81 M. FauI CCCGC 0.004 Asia -- -2.04 M. TaqI TCGA 0.044 -- --   * data from REBASE [23]. Multiple logistic regression The 10 MTases with significant association with strain origin (Table 1) were used as independent variables for the multiple logistic regression. A logistic regression was calculated to predict the strain origin (Europe versus non-Europe; or Africa versus non-Africa). Considering that the majority of strains are of European origin, the output variable, or dependent variable, was established as Europe/non-Europe. The model was statistically significant (p = 0.00040), Interleukin-2 receptor i.e. the selected independent variables were significant for the output. Four MTases yielded significant results for the logistic regression model: M. AseI, M. FokI,

M. MspI, and M. HpyCH4III. M. AseI expression is associated with the European group and the other 3 MTases with the non-European group (Additional file 2: Table S5). When the dependent variable is Africa/non-Africa origin and we use the same 10 independent variables, the full model is once again significant (p = 0.0001) (Additional file 2: Table S6). For this model we identified 5 significant MTases: M. AseI, M. MspI, M. Hpy188I, M. Hpy99I, and M. HpyCH4III. There was an association of the expression of M. MspI and M. HpyCH4II with African strains (Odds Ratio, OR>1). The other MTases were associated with the strains of non-African origin (OR<1). Multinomial logistic regression A multinomial logistic regression presented a nominal outcome variable with 4 levels: Africa, Asia, America, and Europe.