Sorption capacity and potentiometric measurements Ion exchange

capacity of the membranes has been determined by their treatment with a HCl solution (100 mol m−3), washing with deionized water followed by treatment with a NaOH solution (100 mol m−3) and analysis of the eluate using an I-160 M potentiometer and Cl−-selective electrode. The solution was neutralised PU-H71 nmr with HNO3 before the measurements. Membrane potential (E m) was measured at 298 K using a two-compartment cell [16, 17]. HCl solutions (10 and 15 to 100 mol m−3) filled their chambers, where Ag/AgCl MM-102 concentration electrodes were placed. Transport numbers of counter ions (t m) through the membrane were calculated as [16] (3) where a 1 and a 2 are the activities of counter ions in less and more concentrated solutions, respectively; indexes ‘+’ and ‘−’ correspond to cations and anions, respectively; R is the gas constant; F is the Faraday constant; T is the temperature; FG-4592 ic50 and a ± is the activity of ions in a solution of varied concentration. The equation is valid

for a 1:1 electrolyte like HCl. The transport numbers of counter ions (Cl−) were found from a derivative of the function, which describes a deviation of the membrane potential from theoretical value : (4) The difference of was found, and then its dependence on a ± (i.e. on activity of more concentrated solution, a 2) was plotted. At last, the transport number was calculated from a slope of the curve. Electrodialysis Miconazole The experimental setup involved a four-compartment cell, three independent liquid lines, power supplier and measurement instrumentation described earlier

[7] (Figure 1). A scheme of the membrane system was as follows: cathode compartment, polymer cation-exchange membrane (Nafion 117, Dupont, Wilmington, DE, USA), desalination compartment filled with glass spacers (6 × 10−4 m of a diameter), inorganic membrane, concentration compartment, polymer cation-exchange membrane and anode compartment. The distance from each membrane to the other (and from cation-exchange membrane to the opposite electrode) was 1 cm, the cross-sectional area of each compartment was 4 cm, and the effective area of each membrane was 16 cm (4 cm × 4 cm). Figure 1 Scheme of the electrodialysis setup. A solution containing NaCl (10 mol m−3), the volume of which was 50 cm3, circulated from the desalination compartment with a flow velocity of 1 cm3 s−1 (first liquid line). The second line provided circulation of the solution, which contained initially K2SO4 (1,000 mol m−3), through the cathode and anode compartments (second line). At last, a H2SO4 solution (100 mol m−3) circulated through the concentration compartment. The content of Cl− and Na+ species in the solution being purified was controlled by means of ion-selective electrodes. The removal degree of NaCl from the solution was calculated as , where C is the concentration at time τ and C i is the initial concentration.