DM1 is an autosomal dominant disorder with incomplete penetrance and variable phenotypic expression caused by a [CTG]n expansion in the 3’-UTR of the myotonic dystrophy protein kinase gene (DMPK; MIM#605377), on chromosome 19q13.3 (2). Healthy individuals may have 5 to 37 [CTG]n repeats while in from affected people this number may reach 50-8000 (2). DM1 patients variably present multisystem clinical features including myotonia, progressive muscle weakness, cardiac abnormalities, cataract and cognitive impairment (3, 4). Cardiac involvement manifests as a selective

and extensive impairment of the conduction Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical system, usually not associated with any apparent structural heart disease. Such degeneration of the conduction system has been correlated with the significant incidence of sudden death (SD) observed in DM1 patients, ranging from 2% to 30% according to data Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical in the literature (5). In general, cardiac SD has been related to the development of conduction blocks, and, in fact, the Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical implantation of a pacemaker is often (3-22% of cases) required in DM1 patients (6–13). It has been recently

shown that severe electrocardiogram (ECG) abnormalities based on the rhythm disturbances, length of PR interval, QRS duration, and presence of atrioventricular block (AVB) predict sudden death in DM1 patients (14). The observation of familial clustering of specific cardiac features Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical (15–17) and the phenotypic variability

among patients with the same class of [CTG]n expansion, strongly suggest the contribution of modifier genes other than the DMPK in the development of the AVB phenotype. Among many, SK3 (MIM #602983), a member of the SK channels, proved to be an intriguing candidate gene. Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical SK channels are, in fact, the small conductance subset of the calcium-activated channel family (18). These channels are voltage independent and found to underlie the long-lasting after-hyperpolarization (AHP) following the action potential and its accompanying elevation in cytosolic calcium (19–22). At least three types of SK channels exist, namely SK1, SK2, and SK3 encoded by three different genes (KCNN1, KCNN2, and KCNN3, respectively) selleck compound sharing up to 70% sequence homology (23). SK channels are expressed in Brefeldin_A myofibres of developing and denervated muscles, differentially regulated in atrial and ventricular myocytes, and down-regulated in adult skeletal muscle (24). Denervated muscles are hyperexcitable as they display trains of spontaneous action potential known as fibrillation (25, 26). Electric hyperactivity is also the cause of muscle stiffness in DM1 where, not surprisingly, SK3 is expressed at high levels in muscle cells (27, 28).