45,46 The function of DJ-1 is still largely unknown, but there is some evidence that the protein may play a role in the cellular response to AZD9291 lung cancer oxidative stress, which may render dopaminergic neurons particularly vulnerable. This oxidative stress response may be caused by interactions of DJ-1 with other proteins like protein inhibitor of activated STAT (signal transducer and activator of transcription) (PIASxα), DJ-1 -binding protein (DJBP), and the RNA-binding protein complex; DJ-1 may also regulate the dismutation of peroxides.47,48 The prevalence of pathogenic DJ-1 mutations Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical in youngonset PD patients is certainly much lower than that of parkin, and is estimated to

be less than 1 %.49,50 No pathogenic mutation Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical was found in 190 pathologically proven patients with later onset PD. Identification of susceptibility alleles in nonmendelian PD Although

significant progress has been made in families with mcndelian subtypes of PD, it must be remembered that PD, in the great majority of cases, is a sporadic disorder. The type and the extent of a genetic contribution to nonmendelian PD is still controversial. A populationbased, case-control study indicates that the Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical relative risk for first-degree family members of PD patients is increased only in the order of 2 to 3.51 Most, attempts to identify the susceptibility genes in sporadic PD, have followed a candidate gene approach. On the basis of pathological, pathobiochemical, and epidemiological findings, hypotheses on the etiology of PD can be generated and genetic polymorphisms within – or closely linked to – genes that, are thought to be involved in these pathways have Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical been examined. Unfortunately no consistent, findings have emerged so far. Major international efforts therefore

focus on the examination of large cohorts of affected sibpairs or small nuclear families with the methods of nonparametric choose size linkage analysis, using whole-genome approaches. Several of these studies have been published.12,52-54 Their results indicate that Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical the contribution of any individual locus to PD is likely to be modest, as linkage peaks in these studies generally were rather low and most, of them not reproduced in other studies (with the exception of a locus on chromosome 5 Anacetrapib and one on the X chromosome). This is most, likely due to the enormous locus heterogeneity in late-onset PD. Therefore, international collaborations and pooling large patient resources will be necessary to narrow down linkage regions and conduct more advanced studies, such has high-resolution linkage disequilibrium (LD) mapping, which will eventually result, in the identification of the genetic variants responsible. Conclusion The genetic findings in rare inherited forms of PD have greatly contributed to our understanding of the clinical, neuropathological, and genetic heterogeneity of PD.