While the former has focused on cycle-to-cycle correction of the timing errors, the latter deals with a continuous, state-dependent within-cycle coupling between the oscillating limb and the metronome. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the extent to which the two modeling frameworks partially capture the same behavior or, instead, account for different aspects of synchronization. A comparative two-level analysis (time intervals and movement trajectories) of synchronized tapping and synchronized oscillation data revealed distinct patterns of results with regard to (1) the relationship between the (a) symmetry of movement

cycles and the achievement of timing goals, and (2) the sequential or within-cycle

organization of synchronization processes. Our results support the idea that movement trajectories contribute to the achievement of synchronized movement timing in Selleck AZD1480 two different ways as a function of the (dis)continuous nature of movement. We suggest that the two modeling frameworks indeed account for different synchronization processes Cytoskeletal Signaling inhibitor involved in the process of keeping time with the beat.”
“Background: Arteriovenous malformation is a dynamic vascular anomaly; it expands with age and after treatment. This study analyzed the pattern of arteriovenous malformation progression and frequency of recurrence after therapy.\n\nMethods: Patients with cutaneous and soft-tissue arteriovenous malformation were reviewed. Progression was defined as advancement to a higher Schobinger stage (I through IV) before treatment. Recurrence was defined as expansion following embolization or resection. The effect of sex, location, size, adolescence, pregnancy, and stage on progression or recurrence was analyzed.\n\nResults: The study included 272

patients. Children with stage I arteriovenous malformation had a 43.8 percent risk of progression before adolescence and an 82.6 percent risk before adulthood; the remaining children had progression AG-014699 chemical structure in adulthood. Progression was more common during adolescence (56.0 percent; 95 percent confidence interval, 46.5 to 65.2) compared with childhood (38.8 percent; 95 percent confidence interval, 32.4 to 45.4) (p = 0.002). The average age at progression was 12.7 +/- 11.1 years. Diffuse arteriovenous malformations were more likely to progress compared with localized lesions (p < 0.001). Sex (p = 0.46), location (p = 0.36), and pregnancy (p = 0.20) did not influence expansion. Resection (with or without embolization) had a lower recurrence rate (81 percent) and longer time to recurrence (42.7 percent > 1 year), compared with embolization alone (98 percent and 14.4 percent > 1 year, respectively) (p < 0.001). Recurrence was less likely when lower staged lesions were treated (p < 0.001) and did not correlate with sex (p = 0.10), location (p = 0.60), size (p = 0.07), or age (p = 0.21).