To collect the biofilm, the deposits were carefully removed with sterile scalpels. Assessment: http://www.selleckchem.com/products/baricitinib-ly3009104.html To measure the dry biofilm weight (biomass), the collected biofilm was placed on the pre-weighed glass microcoverslips. The final weight was recorded after incubation at 60��C for 5 minutes. The dry weight was obtained by subtracting the weight of coverslip from the final weight. To measure the number of viable bacteria, the collected biofilm was suspended in 4 mL 0.1 N NaOH. The suspension was vortexed for two minutes and sonificated for one minute. The optical density of the biofilm was determined by a spectrophotometer (Pharmacia LKB-Ultrapec II, UK) at 640nm. Statistical Analysis Statistical analysis was performed by Kruskal �C Wallis test, at 95% confidence level using SPSS 13.0 for Windows (SPSS Inc.

, Chicago, IL, USA). RESULTS The MIC value of the EEP was found as 25 ��g/ mL. According to disk diffusion test results, the experimental GICs containing EEP exhibited inhibition zones (Table 1). The inhibition zone sizes were not dependent upon the concentration of propolis. The pure conventional GIC did not show any antibacterial efficacy against S. mutans. Table 1. The inhibition zone diameters of the GIC disks (mm). According to the in vitro biofilm formation assay, the experimental GICs containing EEP developed less biomass (dry-weight) on their surface than the conventional GIC (P<.001). The mean biomass amount of biofilm formed on the 50% EEP added GIC was lower than the 25% EEP, but the difference was not statistically significant (Table 2).

According to the optical density measurement of the formatted biofilm, the number of viable bacteria was lower in the GIC containing 50% EEP than the 25% and the conventional GIC (P<.001) (Table 3). As can be seen in Table 3, the mean bacteria count in the biofilm on the 25% EEP added GIC was lower than the conventional GIC but the difference was not statistically significant. Table 2. The dry biofilm weights of the GIC disks (mg). Table 3. The optical densities of the biofilms (OD640). DISCUSSION GICs are capable of releasing fluoride, which contributes to some reduction in the number of residual bacteria in cavities6,7,17 as well as remineralization of softened dentin.22�C25 Several attempts in developing GICs with antibacterial effects by the addition of antibacterial solutions such as chlorhexidine (CHX) have been reported.

25�C30 With regard to these studies, we decided to use EEP, which showed remarkable antimicrobial activities against several oral microorganisms such as mutans streptococci in recent studies.7,8,11,31 Previous studies using conventional Dacomitinib GICs demonstrated conflicting results about antibacterial effects observed by the addition of CHX. Some of the studies reported that antimicrobial activity was dependent upon the concentration of disinfectant added to GICs, 25,27,30 and others indicated no dose-response effects.