This sensor net provides extensive coverage over occipital regions, including dense coverage around and inferior to

the occipital pole, which is helpful for capturing activity in retinotopic areas of the visual system (Foxe & Simpson, 2002). Data were sampled at a rate of 250 Hz with an online bandpass filter set at 0.1 Hz high-pass and 50 Hz low-pass. Additional data processing occurred offline by means of EMEGS (ElectroMagnetic EncaphaloGraphy Software) for MATLAB; Peyk et al., 2011). Relative to stimulus onset, epochs were extracted from Venetoclax chemical structure the raw EEG that included 400 ms pre- and 6600 ms post-onset for all conditions. Data were then filtered using a 25-Hz low-pass (cut-off at 3 dB point; 45 dB/octave, 10th Navitoclax order Butterworth) and a 1-Hz high-pass

(cut-off at 3 dB point; 18 dB/octave, 4th order Butterworth). Then, statistical parameters were used to find and remove artifact-contaminated channels and trials (Junghofer et al., 2000): the original recording reference (Cz) was first used to detect recording artifacts, and then the data were average-referenced to detect global artifacts. Subsequently, bad sensors within individual trials were identified and interpolated based on rejection criteria for amplitude, SD and gradient. After artifact correction, an average of 18.2 trials per condition (range: 12 to 23) were retained for analysis. Artifact-free segments were averaged in the time domain, following the factorial design of the present study, with phase (habituation, acquisition, extinction), CS type (CS+, CS–) and stimulus type (luminance stimulus, chromatic stimulus). An example

time domain average is shown in Fig. 2. These averages were then transformed into the frequency domain using a Fourier transform of the last 3200 ms (800 sample points) Endonuclease of CS–alone presentation (prior to the US presentation in CS+ acquisition trials). In both the 15- and 14-Hz conditions data were windowed with a cosine square window (20 points rise/fall) and then padded with zeros for a total segment length of 4000 ms, resulting in 0.25-Hz frequency resolution. The late segment was selected based on previous work showing pronounced ssVEP amplitude increase for the CS+ in the time segment immediately preceding the US (Moratti & Keil, 2005; Moratti et al., 2006). Fourier coefficients were normalized by the number of points and the ssVEP amplitude extracted as the absolute value of the Fourier coefficients at the respective driving frequency (14 Hz; 15 Hz). For statistical analyses, the resulting amplitude estimates were pooled across the EGI sensor corresponding to site Oz of the International 10–20 System, where the spectral amplitude was maximal, and its four nearest neighbors. Thus, an ssVEP amplitude estimate was generated for each participant, phase and condition, resulting in 12 estimates per participant.