Therefore, the generation of H2O2 from the penetration-related structures might be a pathogenicity factor that contributes to strengthening the penetration peg of V. nashicola. “
“During 2009–2010,
a survey was conducted in gardens and commercial fig orchards throughout Iran to determine the prevalence of Fig leaf mottle-associated virus 1 (FLMaV-1), Fig leaf mottle-associated virus 2 (FLMaV-2), Fig mild mottle-associated virus (FMMaV), Fig latent virus 1 (FLV-1) buy Abiraterone and Fig mosaic virus (FMV). Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and dot immunobinding assay (DIBA) were conducted on 104 fig samples collected from seven provinces. FLV-1, FLMaV-1 and FMV were found in 14.5, 11.5 and 8.6% of the samples, respectively, but FLMaV-2 and FMMaV were absent. The overall average of infection reached 18.3%, with a peak of 42.9% in Semnan Province, followed by Golestan (40%), Tehran (32.3%), Lorestan (28.6%) and Mazandaran (25%) provinces. No infection was found in Fars and Gilan provinces. Fig samples from Varamin and Khorramabad districts showed high levels of mixed infections, 35.7 and 28.6%, respectively.
The presence of FMV and FLV-1 in the sap of symptomatic fig leaves was also ascertained by DIBA. Sequence analysis of amplified DNA from the partial RNA-dependent RNA polymerase gene of two FMV isolates MLN8237 in vivo from Iran showed a low level of nucleotide variability (5%). The Iranian isolates shared a common phylogeny with other Mediterranean 上海皓元医药股份有限公司 FMV isolates and in particular with those originating from Turkey already reported in GenBank. This is the first report on the presence of FLMaV-1 and FLV-1 in Iran and offers a preliminary insight into the unsatisfactory health status of fig in this country. “
“The distribution of extracellular 1,3-β-glucanase secreted
by Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici (Ggt) was investigated in situ in inoculated wheat roots by immunogold labelling and transmission electron microscopy. Antiserum was prepared by subcutaneously injecting rabbits with purified 1,3-β-glucanase secreted by the pathogenic fungus. A specific antibody of 1,3-β-glucanase, anti-GluGgt, was purified and characterized. Double immunodiffusion tests revealed that the antiserum was specific for 1,3-β-glucanase of Ggt, but not for 1,3-β-glucanase from wheat plants. Native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the purified and crude enzyme extract and immunoblotting showed that the antibody was monospecific for 1,3-β-glucanase in fungal extracellular protein populations. After incubation of ultrathin sections of pathogen-infected wheat roots with anti-1,3-β-glucanase antibody and the secondary antibody, deposition of gold particles occurred over hyphal cells and the host tissue.