The underlying mechanisms of this progression are poorly understood. Recent work has suggested that changes in Wnt signalling, a key bone regulatory pathway, may contribute to joint ankylosis in AS. Using the proteoglycan-induced spondylitis (PGISp) mouse model which displays spondylitis and eventual joint fusion following an initial inflammatory stimulus, we have characterised the structural and molecular changes that underlie disease progression.\n\nMethods:

PGISp mice were characterised 12 weeks after initiation of inflammation using histology, immunohistochemistry (IHC) and expression profiling.\n\nResults: Inflammation initiated at the periphery of the intervertebral discs progressing to disc destruction followed by massively excessive selleck chemicals cartilage and bone matrix formation, as demonstrated by toluidine blue staining and IHC for collagen type I and osteocalcin, leading to syndesmophyte formation. Expression levels of DKK1 and SOST, Wnt signalling inhibitors

highly expressed in joints, were reduced by 49% and 63% respectively in the Napabucasin cost spine PGISp compared with control mice (P < 0.05) with SOST inhibition confirmed by IHC. Microarray profiling showed genes involved in inflammation and immune-regulation were altered. Further, a number of genes specifically involved in bone regulation including other members of the Wnt pathway were also dysregulated.\n\nConclusions: This study implicates the Wnt pathway as a likely mediator of

the mechanism by which inflammation induces bony ankylosis in spondyloarthritis, raising the potential that therapies targeting this pathway may be effective in preventing this process.”
“Background: Stress and ethanol are both, independently, important cardiovascular risk factors.\n\nObjective: To evaluate the cardiovascular risk of ethanol consumption and stress exposure, isolated and in association, in male adult rats.\n\nMethods: Rats were separated into 4 groups: Control, ethanol (20% in drinking water for 6 weeks), stress (immobilization 1h day/5 Selleck VS-6063 days a week for 6 weeks) and stress/ethanol. Concentration-responses curves to noradrenaline – in the absence and presence of yohimbine, L-NAME or indomethacin – or to phenylephrine were determined in thoracic aortas with and without endothelium. EC50 and maximum response (n=8-12) were compared using two-way ANOVA/Bonferroni method.\n\nResults: Either stress or stress in association with ethanol consumption increased the noradrenaline maximum responses in intact aortas. This hyper-reactivity was eliminated by endothelium removal or by the presence of either indomethacin or yohimbine, but was not altered by the presence of L-NAME. Meanwhile, ethanol consumption did not alter the reactivity to noradrenaline.