The latter require substantial funding and funding for reproductive medicine in most countries is notoriously difficult to obtain (as opposed, for example, to oncology research or cardiovascular research). selleckchem Apart from these funding issues, the creation of embryos specifically for research is only allowed in a limited number of European countries, thus tempting clinicians to skip preclinical studies altogether and go directly for clinical application in their patients, raising an ethical issue. Introducing new treatments into the clinic without proper evidence, however, is perhaps even more of an ethical issue. Subfertile couples are very vulnerable and should not be exploited. (C)
2013, Reproductive Healthcare Ltd. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Dielectric constant and ac conductivity of highly c-axis oriented
LiNbO3 thin film grown by pulsed laser deposition were studied in a metal-insulator-metal configuration over a wide temperature (200 to 450 K) and frequency (100 Hz to 1 MHz) range. The preferred oriented Al (1%) doped ZnO film with electrical conductivity 1.1 X 10(3) Omega(-1) cm(-1) was deposited for dual purpose: (1) to serve as nucleating center for LiNbO3 crystallites along preferred c-axis growth direction, and (2) to act as a suitable bottom electrode for electrical studies. The room temperature dc conductivity (sigma(dc)) of LiNbO3 film was about 5.34 X 10(-10) Omega(-1) cm-1 with activation energy similar Tanespimycin molecular weight to 0.3 eV, indicating extrinsic conduction. The ac conductivity sigma(ac) was found LCL161 research buy to be much higher in comparison to sigma(dc) in the low temperature region (<300 K) and exhibits a power law behavior due to the hopping of charge carriers. In higher temperature region (>300
K), sigma(ac) shows a weak frequency dependence, whereas dielectric constant exhibits a strong frequency dispersion. The dielectric dispersion data has been discussed in the light of theoretical models based on Debye type mixed conduction and purely hopping conduction. The dominant conduction in c-axis oriented LiNbO3 thin film is attributed to the purely hopping where both sigma(dc) and sigma(ac) arise due to same mechanism. (C) 2009 American Institute of Physics. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3121509]“
“Background: There is little published information regarding avulsion fractures of the humeral lesser tuberosity in adolescents, and no consensus exists on optimal treatment. The purpose of this study was to investigate the demographics, injury mechanisms, and results of operative treatment of lesser tuberosity avulsion fractures in skeletally immature patients.
Methods: Eight patients were treated with open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) for lesser tuberosity avulsion fractures from 2000 through 2010. Data were collected regarding patient demographics, mechanisms of injury, operative findings, and early clinical results.