The introduction of the term “mesenchymal stem cells” coincided however with the introduction

of a different biological concept. In the new concept, the putative “MSC” would represent a progenitor for both skeletal Epacadostat nmr and extraskeletal derivatives of mesoderm, all viewed as part of “mesenchyme”, all generated through a putative “mesengenic process” in development [[77] and [80]]. Mesenchymal stem cells would be entirely defined by in vitro properties and phenotype, gauged through non-stringent criteria and artificial in vitro assays (prone to artifacts and misinterpretation) [79]. In the mainstream inaugurated by the new views, others conceived the bone marrow stromal progenitor cells as stem cells for non-hematopoietic tissues [81] (quite a broad range of tissues of divergent lineage and functions), including derivatives of germ layers other than mesoderm such as neurons or liver cells, making “MSCs” (or subsets thereof) a postnatal version of pluripotent cells [82] and [83]. These initially appealing concepts, unlike the concept of a skeletal stem cell, have not withstood time and experimental scrutiny and are no longer widely entertained. Nonetheless, they did have Dabrafenib a lasting

impact. Before the introduction of technologies for reprogramming somatic cells into genuine pluripotency, a number of attempts to regenerate non-skeletal tissues with “MSCs” were made in preclinical models and clinical trials. The hope to develop “novel therapies” for major diseases was the leit-motif of such attempts, which were based on an assumed (and yet never truly proven) ability of MSCs to generate non-skeletal cell types. Many of these hopes, in turn, failed to withstand serious scrutiny (see for example, the recent DAMASCENE metaanalysis on the use

of bone marrow cells for ischemic heart disease [84]). Granting the status of “innovation from discovery” to what was merely a seductive but unproven hypothesis, however, contributed to promote with the public the unauthorized use of unproven cell therapies aiming at commercial exploitation of the severely ill — even very recently, even in affluent countries [85]. Complementary to the hypothesis that “MSCs” potential would not be restricted to skeletal tissues was the idea that MSCs could be found Metalloexopeptidase in non-skeletal tissues. This idea became prevalent about a decade ago as a result of the looking at multiple tissues using non-adequate biological criteria for identifying the stem cells being sought [79] and [86]. Following the identification of bone marrow skeletal stem cells (i.e., the archetypal “MSCs”) as perivascular cells [33], the same experimental approach and the same conceptual implications were extrapolated to claim that perivascular cells (“pericytes”) are the in situ counterpart of “MSCs” in all tissues [87] and [88].