The increased blood and urinary polyamine levels are attributable to increased polyamine synthesis

by cancer cells, since these increases can be abolished by complete eradication of tumors by surgery or radio-chemotherapy [2–5]. The capacity of cancer tissue to produce abundant polyamines likely contributes to cancer cells’ enhanced growth rates because polyamines are indispensable for cellular growth, which may at least partially explain why cancer patients with increased polyamine levels have a poorer prognosis [4–9]. However, an important factor that determines the malignant potential of cancer cells is the capability of cells to invade to surrounding tissues and to metastasize to distant organs. Therefore, it is important to understand the role of polyamines in cancer invasion and metastasis. In this review, recent experimental results from our and other ATM Kinase Inhibitor ic50 groups are discussed. 2. What are polyamines? The natural polyamines, spermidine, and spermine, are found in almost every living cell at high micromolar

to low millimolar quantities A-1210477 concentration [10]. Polyamines are synthesized from arginine and s-adenosylmethionine with arginase converting arginine to ornithine, and ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) catalyzing ornithine decarboxylation to form putrescine, a polyamine precursor containing two amine groups (Figure 1). Polyamines are involved in diverse functions involved in cell growth and differentiation, such as DNA synthesis find more and stability, regulation of transcription, ion channel regulation, and protein phosphorylation [11–14]. Figure 1 Polyamine biosynthesis, degradation, and transmembrane transport. The polyamines spermine and spermidine are synthesized from arginine. Arginase converts arginine to ornithine, and ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) catalyzes decarboxylation of ornithine to form putrescine, a polyamine precursor containing two amine groups. ODC, a rate-limiting HDAC inhibitor enzyme with a short half-life,

is inhibited by antizyme, and antizyme is inhibited by an antizyme inhibitor. S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase (AdoMetDC) is the second rate-limiting enzyme in polyamine synthesis and is involved in the decarboxylation of S-adenosylmethionine. Spermidine synthetase and spermine synthase are constitutively expressed aminopropyltransferases that catalyze the transfer of the aminopropyl group from decarboxylated S-adenosylmethionine to putrescine and spermidine to form spermidine and spermine, respectively. Polyamine degradation is achieved by spermine/spermidine N1-acetyltransferase (SSAT) and N1-acetylpolyamine oxidase (APAO). In addition, spermine oxidase (SMO) specifically oxidizes spermine. Polyamines are transported across the membrane transmembrane by the polyamine transporter.