The effector mechanisms of the immune system are

impaired due to the long-term immunosuppressive treatment to prevent the rejection of the transplant [28], and the introduction of highly stimulatory DC might pose a danger to the transplant. Therefore, it might be a better strategy to use the moDC from RTR and induce tumour-specific CTL as well as CD4 T cells ex vivo and transfer these cells back to the patient. Our study is a see more first step to show the principal possibility of this potential future treatment option of RTR with SCC. We thank all patients and controls for participating in the study. We thank Dagny Ann Sandnes for excellent technical assistance, Torbjørn Leivestad for providing patient data from the Norwegian Renal Registry, Einar Svarstad for distributing the enquiries to the patients and Arvid E. Nilsen for participating in the initiation of the study. Some of the data in this article are from the Cancer Registry of Norway. The Cancer Registry of Norway is not responsible for the analysis or interpretation of the Quizartinib data presented. This work was supported by the Broegelmann Foundation, Norwegian Cancer Society and the Bergen Research Foundation. None declared. “
“Sjögren’s syndrome (SS) is an autoimmune disease characterized by clonal B cell attack of the exocrine glands

and dysregulated expression of B cell-activating factor (BAFF). Based upon the current data of increased rates of lymphoid malignancy, as non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) is associated with SS, we propose the detection of clonal rearrangements

of immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) gene in those patients as a predictor of malignant clonal expansion. To test our proposal, we examined the IgH clonal rearrangements in SS patients (60) and healthy control subjects (42) having chronic non-specific sialadenitis, to determine the presence of clonal B cells in minor labial salivary glands (MSG) of SS patients. Clonal B cell expansion was Cytidine deaminase assessed by two polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays: (i) semi-nested PCR, against sequences encoding framework regions FR3, FR2 and FR1c of the variable chain IgH gene in B cells present in the MSG infiltrate; and (ii) the PCR–enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique, against the major and minor breakpoint regions of the Bcl-2 oncogene coupled with a variable segment of the IgH to assess the Bcl-2/JH translocation. When FR3, FR2 and FR1c primers were employed, we detected B cell monoclonality in 87% of the SS patients and 19% of the control subjects. The association between inflammation severity of the MSG pattern and the presence of B cell clonality was found to be statistically significant (P < 0·01). We concluded that the presence of B cell clonality in MSG can be used as a index of an altered microenvironment favouring the development of lymphoma in SS patients.