Testing the hypothesis Contrary to the previous studies, we believe that ACPN could be more efficient in inducing apoptosis in cells, when they are delivered BAY 57-1293 concentration into the cytosol. This hypothesis is based on this fact that the elevation in [Ca2+]c could lead to apoptosis induction through both caspase-dependent and caspase-independent pathways [35, 36]. According to far higher dissolution rate of ACPN in comparison to HAN [37], more calcium concentration can

be provided through the dissolution of ACPN in the cytosol. According to the mentioned studies, the HAN was just mediated with the cells. Accordingly, it is reported that nanoparticles escaping from endosomes are located in the cytosol and their dissolution resulted in the elevation of [Ca2+]c[17], while no endosomal escape platform was provided. In the case of employing ACPN, higher elevation of [Ca2+]c is rapidly provided and the cell lacks the appropriate amount of time to pump out the extra intracellular Z-IETD-FMK calcium [38]. Hence, the delivery platform is designed in a way that delivers the ACPN into the cytosol utilizing a liposomal capsule [39]. The presence of this capsule results in the endosomal escape of the trapped ACPNs and the nanoparticles could be released into the cytosol; although, like other experiments, efficacy matters. In order to enhance the efficacy of endosomal escape, the surface of the liposome should be

decorated with TAT peptides which dramatically raise the rate of intracellular delivery [40]. TAT peptide molecules should unless be attached on the liposome surface via pNP-PEG-PE spacer [41]. Folate is often used as a targeting ligand which has high specificity and affinity for cell surface to the folate receptor, which is over-expressed in

some cancer cells including the breast, lung, kidney, ovary, and brain, among others [42]. Folate could be attached on the liposome surface utilizing DSPE-PEG-FOL [43]. The presence of polyethylene glycol (PEG) could provide a protective shield which leads to the avoidance of immune detection [44]. The hypothesized delivery platform has the potential to target cancer cells through AZD1480 trial binding the targeting ligands to Folate receptors. While the cell finds the specific cells, TAT peptide can generate saddle-splay membrane curvature and enter through an induced pore [45]; thereafter, liposome fusion happens, and consequently, the ACPNs enter the cytosol. As is mentioned before, dissolution of each ACPN results in [Ca2+]c elevation which eventually leads to cell death through the triggering of apoptosis Figure 1b,c,d,e. In order to find the appropriate dosage of ACPN for apoptosis induction, an in vitro experiment should be conducted. A type of cancer cell such as glioma cell is cultured. Since in this part of study, targeting is out of importance, the platforms are prepared in the absence of folate. ACPN-loaded platforms, without a targeting ligand, are added to the culture dish.