It has been discussed that V ATPase inhibitors can potentially be used in the Tofacitinib JAK3 treatment of solid tumors with overexpressed levels of this enzyme.Crocin may also interact with biosynthetic pathways through direct interaction with acetyl coenzyme A acetyl transferases.ACAT converts two units of acetyl CoA to acetoacetyl CoA in poly beta hydroxybutyrate syn thesis or steroid biogenesis.Our study also showed that crocin binds to prote asome type 4 and 6.Proteasome degrades misfolded and or ubiquitin tagged proteins.Proteasome inhibitors,like disulfiram,have been recently studied for cancer therapy.Affinity of crocin for proteasome may explain its cytotoxic effect at higher concentrations.Another crocin target was identified as 14 3 3 protein beta alpha.

14 3 3 proteins are implicated in the regula tion of key proteins such as Raf,bad,and Cbl,and are implicated in various biological processes such as signal transduction,transcriptional Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries control,cell proliferation,apoptosis and ion channel physiology.14 3 3 pro tein zeta interacts with insulin resistance substrate 1 protein and might therefore Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries play a role in regu lating insulin sensitivity.Crocin and safranal have been reported to reduce blood glucose and HbA1c levels but increase blood insulin levels significantly without any significant effect on liver and kidney functions in alloxan induced diabetic rats.Affinity of crocin for heat shock protein 60 may explain some the protective effects of saffron.Heat shock proteins are chaperones that assist proteins for proper folding,sta bility and transport across cellular membranes.

There is evidence indicating the cardioprotective effects of saf fron and improvement of histopathologic and biochemical parameters in the cardiac tissue following stress.Overexpression of heat Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries shock protein 60 in myocardium is a defensive biological mechanism for the preservation of Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries cardiac function upon exposure to cardiotoxic agents or other stressors.Physical interaction of crocin Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries with heat shock protein 60 might influence the function of this chaperone and improves its protective effects.Peroxiredoxin 2 also shows some degrees of physical affinity to crocin.Peroxiredoxin 2 reduces the level of H2O2 in cells.Both crocin and peroxiredoxin may play an antioxidant protective role in cells.Physical inter action of these two enzymes may alter their antioxidant capacity.

In summary,the present data revealed that tubulin beta 3 chain,tubulin beta 6 chain,ATP synthase subunit beta,beta actin like protein 2,14 3 3 protein beta alpha,V type proton ATPase,60 selleckchem Imatinib Mesylate kDa heat shock protein,creatine kinase B type,peroxiredoxin 2,cytochrome b c1 complex,cyto chrome c1,heme protein,acetyl CoA acetyltransferase,proteasome subunit alpha type 4 and type 6,protein disulfide isomerase and delta aminolevulinic acid dehy dratase could serve as potential cellular targets for crocin.