In addition, heavy metal resistance genes are often carried on plasmids [7]. Toxin genes carried on S. aureus plasmids include exotoxin B (ETB), a toxin selleck compound that causes blistering of the skin, and the toxins EntA, EntG, EntJ and EntP [8]. The classification of plasmids has historically been determined

by incompatibility groups based on the finding that two plasmids with the same replication (Rep) proteins cannot be stably maintained in the same cell [9, 10]. More recently this method has been developed based on the sequence of the rep genes [11]. The sequence of a large number of plasmids isolated from S. aureus has now been released into the public domain; however there is currently no clear understanding of how virulence genes and resistance genes are linked to rep genes and plasmids. Such knowledge is fundamental in understanding the spread of resistance and virulence. Additional barriers to the spread of plasmids between bacteria are

the restriction-modification (R-M) systems. Two systems have GSK126 molecular weight been described in S. aureus; the type III R-M system protects bacteria against foreign DNA originating from other bacterial species [12], whilst the type I (SauI) R-M system protects bacteria against DNA originating from isolates of PI3K inhibitor different S. aureus lineages [13]. The type I RM system consists of a restriction subunit (HsdR) and a modification subunit (HsdM) that can cleave and methylate DNA, and a specificity subunit (HsdS) that determines the specificity of the restriction and modification. Tolmetin Each lineage of S. aureus encodes unique sequence specificity

hsdS genes; and this means that DNA originating from different lineages by HGT is detected as foreign DNA and is digested, whilst DNA originating from the same lineage is detected as self DNA and remains undigested. Therefore, exchange of MGEs between lineages is infrequent [13]. Human S. aureus can be grouped into 10 major clonal complex (CC) lineages and many minor lineages [14]. Each lineage has a unique but highly conserved combination of genes encoding surface and secreted proteins [15]. However, there is much variation in the carriage of MGEs within a lineage suggesting that HGT is frequent within a S. aureus lineage [16, 17]. Our specific aims of this study were (i) to extend the rep family classification to 243 sequenced S. aureus plasmids, (ii) to characterise the distribution of rep genes amongst the sequenced plasmids, (iii) to assess the distribution of 45 resistance and virulence genes between plasmids, and (iv) to investigate the distribution of plasmids between 254 S. aureus isolates from 20 different lineages using microarray analysis. The overall aim was to better understand the dissemination of plasmids, resistance and virulence genes in S. aureus populations. We report 39 unique plasmid groups each with a unique combination of rep genes, and demonstrate that resistance and virulence genes are associated with plasmid groups and with lineage.