However, tasks which aim at the examination of the resistance of a stress responsive physiological system under the influence of long-term or Protease Inhibitor Library manufacturer superimposed challenges, pharmacological treatment, or coexisting pathology, are by far more demanding. In such cases, careful evaluation of the condition and response capacity of the targeted system, alterations in its basal function resulting from Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical each individual influence, and the time course of response must be added to the former requirements. End points for assessment

of the response to stress Stress induces mobilization of a broad array of reactions which involve virtually every physiological system, albeit with different time courses. Accordingly, numerous parameters can be used for response monitoring in models of stress, under the provision that their temporal profiles and the changes possibly occurring in the course of habituation/sensitization are sufficiently defined. Behavioral end points The original description of the response to stress as a “fight-or-flight” reaction and evidence Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical that arousal activation is invariably associated with this response implies that observation of general behavior can reliably disclose symptoms of stress. Assessment of the explorative activity Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical by means of well established quantifiable parameters is a frequently used behavioral descriptor of

the response to stress in laboratory rodents.6 As in most species exposure Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical to novelty is a stressor perse, monitoring of stressinduced effects in this experimental condition should be preceded by careful baseline definition. Although outcome may vary depending on the characteristics and duration of the challenge, decreased exploratory activity is considered to be a reliable behavioral consequence of stress exposure. In its extreme expression, this response is described as “freezing,” a period of time during which Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical locomotion and

exploration are completely abolished. The freezing response is reproducibly evoked in several stress paradigms, and protocols for its quantification have been developed.7 Behavioral deficits known as acquired immobility, behavioral despair, and learned helplessness can be viewed as alterations specifically associated with severe stress; however, a learning component has a leading role in the manifestation of these phenomena. Behavioral responses to stress are frequently Calpain linked with anxiety, and there is a substantial overlap of neurochemical mechanisms activated by stressful challenges and those involved in the control of anxiety. Evaluation of anxiety belongs to the standard arsenal for the assessment of behavioral effects of stress, and offers a direct possibility to disclose stress-associated neuropathological consequences. Since habituation may rapidly occur in some experimental paradigms used for evaluation of anxiety,6 caution applies to their repeated use for the examination of long-term effects.