However, considering the relative instability of the connection of part of the antenna to the supercomplex (Drop et al. 2011), it is possible that the sample properties were not the same in two studies. In conclusion,

PSI-LHCI is not only present in plants, but the antenna size and organization of the various complexes seem to learn more vary for different organisms. What next? Many issues regarding energy transfer and trapping in PSI still need to be fully elucidated. This is mainly due to the high complexity of the system (the core alone contains around 100 Chls), which still represents a great challenge for modeling. In this respect an additional complication is represented by the red forms, which originate from excitonically coupled pigments but also have a strong charge-transfer character. Up to now the properties of these forms could not be reproduced in silico, thus limiting the possibility to study their properties and their effect on the kinetics via modeling. Practically all studies addressing light-harvesting in PSI-LHCI have focused on the complex of higher plants with a few exceptions dealing with the complex from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. However, the analysis of new organisms Evofosfamide indicates that many different PSI-LHCI complexes exist in

nature, varying in the number of antenna complexes and it their spectroscopic properties. This variability seems to be much more pronounced than in the case of PSII where LHCII trimers with properties similar to those of higher plants have been observed in many organisms, suggesting that the antenna complexes of PSI play a role in adaptation. This variability, on the other hand, provides the possibility to compare the functional

buy CFTRinh-172 behavior of PSI complexes which differ in antenna size and energy, in order to determine the robustness of the complex. The comparison of all these complexes and of the environmental conditions in which these host organisms live would help in answering a long-standing question: what is the role of the red forms? Although we nowadays know a lot about their origin and their effect on the excitation trapping, we cannot answer this fundamental question yet. The possibility to produce plants or algae lacking red forms and to compare their growing Arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase capacity and their performance with those of the corresponding WT will form another strategy to unravel their physiological function. In principle, this is feasible because in vitro mutagenesis has clearly indicated which residues need to be changed to shift the red absorption of Lhca’s to the blue. Finally, in most organisms, the antenna of PSI is not only composed of Lhca, but also of LHCII. Although the PSI-LHCI-LHCII complex of higher plants has now been studied in some detail, very little information is available regarding this complex in other organisms. The case of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is particularly interesting as it is generally believed that most of the LHCII moves to PSI in state 2.