Despite these rare successes, biodiversity is becoming increasingly threatened with extinction (Schipper et

al. 2008) and we are failing in our efforts to conserve species (Butchart et al. 2010). The IUCN Red List of threatened species is the most comprehensive dataset of the conservation status, trends and threats of the Earth’s biodiversity (Hoffmann et al. 2008; Rodrigues et al. 2006; Schipper et al. 2008). In the 2009 IUCN Red List assessment, 181 mammal species were considered to have genuinely changed status since the previous assessment (IUCN 2009; Vie et al. 2009). These changes in status were not attributed to recent improvements in Aurora Kinase inhibitor our knowledge of the natural

history of the species, but rather to actual alterations in their abundance or distribution (Vie et al. 2009). The Red List provides assessments by the world’s leading experts on each species, as well as a description of the processes threatening each species. The Red List expert assessors then document the conservation actions that have been undertaken for each species, and propose further actions they consider would improve the status of each species based on their expert knowledge, discussion with other experts and literature reviews. Although there is scope for improvement (Findlay et al. 2009; Hayward 2009b), the Red List affords the opportunity to ABT-263 research buy assess the value of various conservation

management actions. In this study, I aimed to assess whether mammal species that improved in status had specific Quisqualic acid threats associated with them compared to declining species. I then aimed to determine whether there was congruence between these threats and the proposed conservation management actions. Finally, I aimed to determine which existing conservation management actions were successful in improving the conservation status of mammals. The rationale behind these aims is that conservation threats must be separated from the species we aim to conserve in order to yield successful conservation outcomes (Hayward and Kerley 2009). Consequently, I predicted that there would be differences in the types of factors threatening declining species compared to improving species because some threats are easier to manage (e.g., persecution by humans compared to climate change). I also predicted that some conservation actions would be more successful in achieving conservation success than others. Materials and methods I reviewed the 2009 IUCN Red List (2009) and studied the mammal species that exhibited genuine improvements or declines in status since the previous global mammal assessment (Vie et al. 2009).