CK1 Group The two smallest groups found in selleck chem Ruxolitinib the S. mansoni ePKi nome were CK1 and RGC. In contrast, in C. elegans CK1 is the largest group and RGC is dramati cally expanded. However, these expansions are a unique feature of C. elegans, as compared to other eukaryotes selected for this analysis. The CK1 group con sists of three main ePK families, CK1, VRK, and TTBK that formed three individual clusters in the phylogenic tree. S. mansoni has representatives in each of these families also found in C. elegans, D. melanogaster, M. musculus, H. sapiens, S. cerevisiae and B. malayi kinomes. The nematodes, C. elegans and B. malayi, still have two other families that seem to be specific to this taxonomic group, TTBKL and Worm6. The Worm8 family was identified only in Caenorhabditis so far.

The diversification of the CK1 group in C. elegans may be an adaptation allowing for enhanced DNA repair in response to excessive exposure to environmental muta gens. One CK1 encoding gene functions in spermatogenesis, and at least half of the proteins in this group are selectively expressed in C. elegans sperm as shown by microarray analysis. The role of these proteins in the parasite S. mansoni is unclear. Tyrosine kinases TK group PTKs can be classified, based on the presence or absence of transmembrane domains, into receptor tyro sine kinase that relay intracellular signals, and cytoplasmatic tyrosine kinase. S. mansoni kinome contains 15 RTKs and 19 CTKs. The 15 RTK include two InsRs, four EGFRs, two VKRs, a representative for Ephs, Ror, CCK4, and MUSK families, besides three unknown receptors.

Two InsRs in S. mansoni, SmIR 1 and SmIR 2 present distinct functions during parasite development. These two receptors are well clus tered within the InsR families but showed to be more divergent than the mammalian and D. melanogaster proteins. SmIR 1 was localized in the muscles, intestinal epithelium, and basal membrane of adult male and female worms and at the periphery of schistosomula, mainly in the tegument. SmIR 1 co localized in schistosome tegument with glucose trans porters suggesting a role in the regulation of glucose uptake which is an essential nutrient for the intra mammalian stages of S. mansoni. SmIR 2, in contrast, was distributed in the parenchyma of adult males and females indicating a possible involvement of the recep tor in parasite growth. Anacetrapib S. mansoni is the first inverte brate with two insulin receptors characterized that seem to have distinct functions, as in vertebrates. Mammals have two InsR members, insulin like growth factor receptor, which has a role in controlling growth, and which has specialized in metabolic regulation. In C. elegans EGFR signaling induces behavioral quies cence. One S.