Beyond the practical issue, this is also a relevant conceptual aspect, as the CBSE in the understanding followed here should be “relevant to students from diverse backgrounds” (see Introduction and Glynn and Koballa, 2005). A question of particular interest is whether the finding of gender independence (Fensham, 2009) can be replicated. Sixth, whether learners׳ motivation is temporally stable (at least at a mid-term range).6 Based on the theoretical framework

explained above, our hypotheses are as follows: (1) Motivation after learning with newspaper story problems is higher than after learning with conventional text-book type problems. (2) Achievement after learning with newspaper story problems is higher than with conventional text-book type problems. Moreover, these general beneficial effects hold for (3) self-efficacy and (4) transfer ability buy MLN0128 in particular. (5) Finally, if there are positive effects, they should not be restricted to learners with specific features or background. The remaining research question, viz. temporal stability, is important for both conceptual and practical reasons within the CBSE framework, but no specific hypothesis seems justifiable on theoretical grounds. The above research questions and hypotheses were approached in a quasi-experimental design (motivation:

pre-, post-, follow-up-test; achievement: post-test) with a NSP learning group (treatment group, TG) vs. conventional learning problem group (control group, CG) looking for motivation, Carnitine palmitoyltransferase II learning (achievement) www.selleckchem.com/products/PF-2341066.html and possible interactions (see following sections) on the individual and classroom level. Note that the two groups were different in arrangement and layout of the instructional material (newspaper vs. textbook, style, cf. Fig. 1a vs. b), but identical in their lesson plan, learning content and problems to be solved, and taught by the same teacher (“pair classes”). The investigation was conducted in three pairs of school classes in different school types (ST) of secondary level I, two pair-classes in school type 1 and one pair-class in school type 2 (see Table 1). In the three-level system of German secondary

education, school type 1 corresponds to the medium educational level (“Realschule”, roughly comparable to a British comprehensive school), school type 2 to the highest educational level (“Gymnasium”, roughly analogous to a British grammar school on secondary level I, and continuing with secondary level II).7 These schools were part of a larger cooperation network (Kuhn, 2007, Kuhn, 2008, Kuhn, 2010, Kuhn and Müller, 2007 and Kuhn et al., 2008), involving beyond our physics education research group about 40 physics teachers in 15 schools, the latter being actively involved in it by the validation of the instructional material (see below). In total, the tested sample included 122 tenth graders at the age of 15 to 17 with a mean of 16.