Orig. Life Evol. Biosph. 32:275–278. E-mail: menorsc@inta.​es Photochemical Evolution of Simple Molecules on the Primitive Earth Under Simulated Prebiotic Conditions Daniele Merli1, Daniele Dondi1, Luca Pretali,2 Maurizio GW4869 concentration Fagnoni2, Angelo Albini2,

Antonella Profumo1, Nick Serpone‡ 1Dipartimento di Chimica Generale, Universita’ di Pavia, via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy; 2Dipartimento di Chimica Organica, Universita’ di Pavia, via Taramelli 10, 27100 Pavia, Italy; ‡Professor Emeritus, Concordia University, Montreal, and Visiting Professor, Universita’ di Pavia. A series of prebiotic mixtures of simple molecules, sources of C, H, N, and O, were examined under conditions that may have prevailed during the Hadean (4.6–3.8 billion years), namely an oxygen-free atmosphere and a significant UV radiation flux over a large wavelength range due to the absence of an ozone layer (Lazcano and Miller, 1996; Chyba, 2005; Tian et al.; 2005). Mixtures contained a C source (methanol, acetone or other ketones), a N source (ammonia

or methylamine), and an O source (water) at various molar ratios of C:H:N:O (Ehrenfreund and Charnely; 2007; Dondi et al., 2007). When subjected to UV light or heated for periods of 7 to 45 days under an argon atmosphere, they yielded a narrow product distribution of a few principal compounds. Different initial conditions produced different distributions. The nature of the products was ascertained by gas chromatographic–mass spectral analysis (GC–MS). UVC irradiation of an aqueous methanol–ammonia–water prebiotic mixture for 14 days under low UV dose Ketotifen (6 × 10−2 Einstein) Selleckchem Gemcitabine produced methylisourea, hexamethylenetetramine (HMT), methyl-HMT and hydroxy-HMT, whereas under high UV dose (45 days;

1.9 × 10−1 Einstein) yielded only HMT (Hagen et al., 1979). By contrast, the prebiotic mixture composed of acetone–ammonia–water produced five principal species with acetamide as the major component; thermally the same mixture produced a different product distribution of four principal species. UVC irradiation of the CH3CN–NH3–H2O prebiotic mixture for 7 days gave mostly trimethyl-s-triazine, whereas in the presence of two metal oxides (TiO2 or Fe2O3) also produced some HMT; the thermal process yielded only acetamide. Chyba, C. F. (2005). Atmosferic Science:Rethinking Earth’s Early Atmosphere. Science, 308:962–963 Ehrenfreund, P., and Charnley, S.B., (2000). Organic Molecules in the Interstellar Medium, Comets, and Meteorites: A voyage from dark clouds to the early Earth. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys., 38:427–483 Hagen, W., selleck kinase inhibitor Allamandola, L. J., and Greenberg, J. M. (1979). Interstellar molecule formation in grain mantles: the laboratory analog experiments, results and implications. Astrophys. Space Sci., 65:215–240 Lazcano, A. S., and Miller, S. I. (1996). The origin and early evolution review of life: Prebiotic chemistry, the pre-RNA world and time, Cell, 85:793–798 Tian, F., Toon, O. B., Pavlov, A. A., and Sterck, H. D. (2005).