14, 0.19 and 0.19×109/L, respectively, n.s.). A comparable increase was observed in CD4+ T cells with high expression of CD25 (CD4+CD25bright) (Fig. 1C). CD4+CD25bright T cells contain FOXP3+ Tregs; therefore, we characterized the FOXP3 content in this INCB024360 population during the inflammatory response. CD4+ cells were sorted by FACS based on low, intermediate and bright CD25 surface expression, after which FOXP3 mRNA expression was determined (Fig. 1D). Twenty-four hours after surgery, FOXP3 mRNA expression per cell showed a moderate though not significant increase in both CD25 expressing cell populations, indicating that the increased

percentage of CD25+ cells during the activated immune state contain at least similar levels of FOXP3 mRNA compared with before surgery. Besides a stable FOXP3 mRNA expression, these cells also continued to express high levels of both glucocorticoid-induced tumor-necrosis-factor receptor (GITR) and CTLA-4, proteins associated with

Treg function (Fig. 1E and F). Twenty-four hours after surgery, CD4+ T cells with the brightest expression of CD25 moderately upregulated GITR compared with before surgery. Taken together, these results indicate activation of T selleck kinase inhibitor cells during the transient inflammatory response ensuing cardiac surgery. Furthermore, the relative proportion of CD4+CD25bright T cells also increased, which continued to have phenotypic characteristics of Tregs. Subsequently, we determined if the systemic inflammatory response indeed influenced the composition of FOXP3+ Tregs in the circulation. To quantify CD4+FOXP3+ cell kinetics, we analyzed this cell population during the observation period by flow cytometry. The proportion FOXP3+ cells within CD4+ population increased from 4.48% before surgery to 6.74% 24 h after surgery (p<0.01), and returned back to 4.70%

on the second day postoperatively (Fig. 2A). Besides an increase in proportion of FOXP3+ cells, mean intensity of FOXP3 expression increased significantly in CD4+CD25+CD127low population 24 h after surgery, p<0.01 (FOXP3 MFI of CD4+CD25+CD127low population before surgery, and 24 and 48 h after surgery were 10.8, 14.2 and 12.5, respectively, Fig. 2C). Furthermore, as localization of FOXP3 protein could influence activity of Tregs, we examined FOXP3 localization by confocal microscopy 24 h after surgery in the same CD4+CD25 populations (Fig. 2D). FOXP3 was typically eltoprazine localized in the nucleus, as expected. CD4+CD25bright population showed predominantly FOXP3 positive cells, while CD4+CD25− population lacked FOXP3+ cells. Circulating CD4+FOXP3+ cell numbers remained statistically stable after surgery, while the total CD4+ T-cell population decreased in numbers (CD4+FOXP3+ cells before surgery, and 24 and 48 h after surgery were 0.12, 0.11 and 0.14×109 cells per liter, respectively, n.s., Fig. 2B). Thus, overall, within 24 h after cardiac surgery, the composition of the CD4 T-cell population changed transiently in favor of FOXP3+ cells.