The capacity of CXCR5+CD4+ T cells to promote Ab production by autologous B cells in response to HBV-specific antigens www.selleckchem.com/ferroptosis.html was investigated by ELISPOT assay in both the CR and NCR groups (Supporting Table 3; Fig. 4A). Given that the frequency of HBV-specific Abs producing B cells was rather low, pokeweed mitogen was included in the final stage to boost Ab production after 5 days of incubation with HBV antigens alone. Data showed that coculture of autologous B cells with CXCR5+CD4+ T cells resulted in significantly higher frequencies of both anti-HBe-secreting and anti-HBc-secreting B cells than coculture with CXCR5−CD4+

T cells in most settings (Fig. 4B,C). Most remarkably, frequency of anti-HBe-secreting B cells in coculture of CXCR5+CD4+ T and B cells from CR patients was significantly higher than that from NCR patients (16.00 [0.00-28.00] versus 1.50[0.00-12.00] spot-forming units [SFU]/105 B Torin 1 cells; P = 0.011; Fig. 4B). To verify whether IL-21 is involved in anti-HBe production, the concentration of IL-21 in the supernatant of the coculture was quantitated by ELISA. There was a significantly higher level of IL-21 in the coculture with CXCR5+CD4+ T cells than in the coculture with CXCR5−CD4+ T cells after stimulation with rHBeAg in both the CR (P = 0.007) and NCR (P = 0.013) groups (Fig. 4D). There was also a trend of elevated levels of IL-21 in coculture of CXCR5+CD4+ T and B cells from subjects

in the CR relative to the NCR group (P = 0.075; Fig. 4D). Further investigation showed that blockade of IL-21 activity in the coculture with soluble rIL-21R-Fc resulted in suppression of anti-HBe production (10.50 [8.00-20.00] versus 1.50 [0.00-7.00] SFU/105 B cells; P = 0.027; Fig. 4E). In contrast, addition of rIL-21 to the coculture led to an enhancement of anti-HBe production (3.50 [1.00-6.00] versus 7.00 [2.00-9.00] SFU/105 B cells; P = 0.043; Neratinib in vivo Fig. 4E). Collectively, these results suggest that the CXCR5+CD4+ T-cell population

in HBeAg seroconverters may be more competent to support anti-HBe production by B cells, and IL-21 is the primary factor involved in this process. CXCR5 is known to be highly expressed on Tfh cells. It would be interesting to explore how closely the circulating CXCR5+CD4+ T cells resemble Tfh cells present in lymphoid tissues. To this end, the expression of additional markers typically associated with Tfh cells were measured in circulating CXCR5+CD4+ and CXCR5−CD4+ T cells. Significantly higher percentages of ICOS-expressing, PD-1-expressing, and IL-21-expressing cells were detected in the CXCR5+CD4+ T-cell population, relative to the CXCR5−CD4+ T-cell population, in patients with CHB (P < 0.001; Fig. 5A). Next, the phenotypes of circulating and spleen-derived CXCR5+CD4+ T cells from patients who underwent splenectomy resulting from HBV-related liver cirrhosis-induced hypersplenism were directly compared.