[26] Conventional mDCs (CD11b+CD11c+NK1.1−mPDCA-1−) were isolated from the pDC-depleted, DC-enriched fraction using anti-CD11c Temozolomide ic50 microbeads (Miltenyi Biotec).[7] Human liver nonparenchymal

cells were obtained from histologically normal surgical resection liver tissue as a by-product of hepatocyte isolation using a three-step collagenase perfusion technique[27] and density-gradient centrifugation. Liver and circulating mDCs were isolated using human BDCA-1+(CD1+) DC isolation kits (Miltenyi Biotec). Mouse cell-surface molecule and intracellular cytokine and FoxP3 staining was performed as previously described.[26] Details of the monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) used are described in the Supporting Methods. Human DCs were also stained as previously described,[28] with the additional use of anti-human CD39 PE (eBioA1; eBioscience, San Diego, CA). Flow cytometry (FCM) analysis was performed using an LSR II flow cytometer (BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA), and data were analyzed using FlowJo software (version 7.6; TreeStar, Inc., Ashland, OR). Bulk T cells from spleens of BALB/c

mice were incubated with a mAb cocktail consisting of anti-CD45R/B220 (RA3-6B2), anti-CD16/CD32 (2.4G2), anti-TER-119, anti-CD11b (M1/70), and anti-Ly6G (RB-8C5; BD PharMingen, San Diego, CA) and non-T cells eliminated by negative selection using Dynabeads (InvitroGen, Grand Island, NY). Methods use to purify Tregs and assess their function are described in the Supporting Methods. Unstimulated or ATP-conditioned B6 DCs were used as stimulators of bulk 2-hydroxyphytanoyl-CoA lyase normal allogeneic BALB/c T cells (2 × 105/well) in a 72-hour mixed leukocyte reaction (MLR), as previously described.[7] Cytokine levels were determined by cytometric bead array (BD Bioscience) (interleukin [IL]-6, tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNF-α] and monocyte chemotactic protein 1 [MCP-1]) or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA; IL-12p40;

BioLegend, San Diego, CA). Total RNA was isolated and messenger RNA (mRNA) expression was quantified, as previously described,[7] by Fast SYBR Green real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) with an ABI-Prism 7000 Fast Sequence Detection System (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA) and with appropriate primers (all from Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA) in triplicate. Primer sequences are provided in the Supporting Methods. Expression of each gene was normalized to β-actin mRNA content and calculated with respect to normal liver tissue. DCs (1 × 105) were incubated with ATP (100 μM), and supernatants were collected at multiple time points (0, 30, 60, and 90 minutes and 2 and 3 hours). ATP concentration was determined by luminescence assay (ATPlite; PerkinElmer, Boston, MA), and the data are expressed as the frequency of luminescent events (counts per second; cps). Adenosine concentrations were measured by mass spectrometric analysis.