However, it is in combination with the full assessment of the genetic status, through the genetic parameters indicated, that a complete evaluation of population

condition at the local level may be achieved. The use of already existing UMI-77 purchase information regarding the demographic and genetic conditions of a population is not advisable to inform current status, unless this information is recent (less than a decade old). Otherwise, climatic change and anthropogenic influence may deem the literature outdated. On the other hand, older data are indispensable for establishing temporal comparisons needed to identify trends in population condition. Trees in plantations and on-farm will be one of the major assets of a future global and local economy relying on renewable resources. Through appropriate management of genetic

resources (which constitute an indicator area of its own), the benefits of tree planting can be increased many fold. A valuation of this effort in terms of the extent and development of selected tree planting activities and the use of relevant reproductive material can provide a direct indicator of benefit. It may also serve as a verifier for the management of the genetic resource itself (i.e. response), but it is important to emphasize the level of benefit that can be achieved. The Planted Forest Programme of FAO (FAO, Planted Forest Programme, 2013) has compiled and analyzed information Selleckchem Kinase Inhibitor Library on planted forests for more than a decade. In addition, an increasing amount of information on trees outside forests is becoming available (Zomer et al., 2009). The relative contribution of planted forests to the global production of wood serves as a general indicator of the importance of tree plantations. In 2005, forest plantations covered some 260 million ha or 7% of the global forest area, but produced 1.2 billion m3 of industrial round wood or about two thirds of the total global round wood production (Evans, 2009). By 2030 the production from plantations may

surpass 2 billion m3 of industrial round wood. Given the increasing O-methylated flavonoid importance of planted forests, information on trends in genetic diversity, deployment and productivity of a selection of planted tree species could be a feasible indicator of benefit. The benefit of genetic diversity as a resource is directly expressed in the value of tree breeding. The profitability of breeding is well established (e.g., Daniels, 1984, Foster et al., 1995, Mckeand et al., 2006, Rosvall, 2011 and Willan, 1988). Through a fairly simple process it is possible to achieve 35–80% gain with very high returns of investment (see Foster et al., 1995). The basic requirement is of course the availability of genetic diversity.