Although the number of graft infections

is generally low (1-6%), they are associated with significant rates of limb loss (30-50%) and mortality (25-75%).15 Debridement, graft preservation, and muscle flap coverage have been used as an alternative to graft removal and extra-anatomic bypass. Meland and Arnold, in their classic paper, describe the role of muscle flaps in the management of 24 periprosthetic graft infections.15 The Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical infected grafts were treated with extensive debridement followed by muscle flap coverage and postoperative wound irrigation with a povidone-iodine solution delivered through implanted catheters. Systemic intravenous antibiotics were also employed. Frequently used donor sites include the sartorius, rectus femoris, and rectus abdominis. Although not advocated in this study, the gracilis and omentum are additional sources of well-vascularized soft tissue. Utilizing this treatment strategy, a 66% limb salvage rate was achieved over a mean follow-up of 41 months. In our reconstructive surgery institute at The Methodist Hospital, this protocol has been modified, Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical yielding even higher rates of graft preservation and limb salvage. The closed-suction irrigation system has been abandoned in favor of antibiotic-impregnated beads. Polymethyl methacrylate bone cement is combined with powdered vancomycin and tobramycin and fashioned into small beads secured on a heavy nonabsorable suture. When implanted within the wound, the beads offload their

antibiotic payload, achieving local concentrations exceeding 100 times the mean inhibitory concentration. These supraphysiologic antibiotic concentrations have proved active against biofilms while being associated with limited Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical systemic absorption, avoiding potential ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity.16 Serial debridement and antibiotic bead exchange is undertaken until a clean culture-negative wound has been obtained

(Figure 4A). The antibiotic beads are removed and the graft covered Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical with a local muscle flap (Figure 4B-D). Utilizing this treatment protocol in conjunction with 6 weeks of culture-specific intravenous antibiotics, we have achieved a 96% long-term limb salvage rate.17 Figure 4 (A) Infected prosthetic vascular graft treated with antibiotic impregnated beads. (B) Elevated sartorius muscle flap. Adenosine (C) Vascular graft learn more enshrouded by muscle flap. (D) Long-term follow-up with graft preservation. Conclusion In conclusion, both pedicle and free muscle flaps enjoy intrinsic biologic advantages over local skin and fasciocutaneous flaps, making them a powerful, multipurpose tool in the armamentarium of the limb salvage surgeon. Funding Statement Funding/Support: The authors have no funding disclosures. Footnotes Conflict of Interest Disclosure: All authors have completed and submitted the Methodist DeBakey Cardiovascular Journal Conflict of Interest Statement and none were reported.
Introduction Cardiovascular diseases remain the number one cause of death in industrialized countries.