As we initially hypothesised that switch trials would engage distributed networks of task-set reconfiguration and top-down attention to a greater extent than repeat trials, we sought to test for topographic differences among conditions that would suggest the differential engagement of a subset of cortical generators. To test for periods of topographic modulation irrespective of changes in oscillatory amplitude, we calculated the global dissimilarity (GD; Lehmann & Skrandies, 1980) between differential alpha-band activity (8–14 HZ) across the anticipatory period preceding Switch trials and Repeat trials. Differential activity is derived by subtracting cue-visual trials from cue-auditory

trials. GD is a method for assessing configuration differences between two scalp distributions, independent of their strength, as the data are normalised PKC inhibitor using the global field power. The GD is calculated as the square root of the mean of this website the squared differences between the potentials measured at each of the 168 scalp electrodes. For each subject and time point, the GD indexes a single value, which varies between 0 and 2 (0 = homogeneity, 2 = inversion of topography). To create an empirical probability distribution against which the GD can be tested for statistical significance, the Monte Carlo manova was applied. This is a nonparametric bootstrapping procedure, wherein each subject’s data from each time

point are permutated such that they can ‘belong’ to either condition. For each time point, the dissimilarity was then calculated for each of 5000 such permutations (Manly, 1997). To provide a more

general description of the spatiotemporal properties of differential alpha-band activity as a function of task-set reconfiguration, we computed separate statistical cluster plots (SCPs) for trials preceding a Switch and Repeat of task. This procedure has been used effectively in post hoc analyses as a means to more fully explore complex datasets and generate pointed follow-up hypotheses (Molholm et al., 2002; Murray et al., 2002). Point-wise two-tailed t-tests between attend-visual and attend-auditory trials were calculated at each time-point for all electrodes. The results of the point-wise t-tests from 168 electrodes are displayed as an intensity plot to efficiently summarise and facilitate the identification Progesterone of the onset and general topographic distribution of differential alpha-band activity preceding a Switch and a Repeat of task. The x-, y-, and z-axes, respectively, represent time, electrode location and the t-test result (indicated by a color value) at each data point. For each scalp electrode, only the first time point at which the t-test exceeded the P-value criterion of 0.05 for at least 11 consecutive data points (> 20 ms at a 512 Hz digitisation rate) is considered significant (Guthrie & Buchwald, 1991; Foxe & Simpson, 2002).